Article Type:
Research Article

Cloud Ice Properties: In Situ Measurement Challenges

D. Baumgardner Droplet Measurement Technologies, Inc., Boulder, Colorado

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S. J. Abel Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom

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D. Axisa National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

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R. Cotton Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom

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J. Crosier University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

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P. Field Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom

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C. Gurganus Stratton Park Engineering Corporation, Boulder, Colorado

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A. Heymsfield National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

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A. Korolev Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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M. Krämer Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany

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P. Lawson Stratton Park Engineering Corporation, Boulder, Colorado

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G. McFarquhar University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

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Z. Ulanowski University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom

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J. Um University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

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Print Publication:
01 Jan 2017
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0011.1
Page(s):
9.1–9.23
Restricted access

Abstract

Understanding the formation and evolution of ice in clouds requires detailed information on the size, shape, mass, and optical properties of individual cloud hydrometeors and their bulk properties over a broad range of atmospheric conditions. Since the 1960s, instrumentation and research aircraft have evolved, providing increasingly more accurate and larger quantities of data about cloud particle properties. In this chapter, the current status of electrical powered, in situ measurement systems are reviewed with respect to their strengths and weaknesses and their limitations and uncertainties are documented. There remain many outstanding challenges. These are summarized and accompanied by recommendations for moving forward through new developments that fill the remaining information gaps. Closing these gaps will remove the obstacles that continue to hinder our understanding of cloud processes in general and the evolution of ice in particular.

Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.

© 2017 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author e-mail: D. Baumgardner, darrel.baumgardner@gmail.com

Abstract

Understanding the formation and evolution of ice in clouds requires detailed information on the size, shape, mass, and optical properties of individual cloud hydrometeors and their bulk properties over a broad range of atmospheric conditions. Since the 1960s, instrumentation and research aircraft have evolved, providing increasingly more accurate and larger quantities of data about cloud particle properties. In this chapter, the current status of electrical powered, in situ measurement systems are reviewed with respect to their strengths and weaknesses and their limitations and uncertainties are documented. There remain many outstanding challenges. These are summarized and accompanied by recommendations for moving forward through new developments that fill the remaining information gaps. Closing these gaps will remove the obstacles that continue to hinder our understanding of cloud processes in general and the evolution of ice in particular.

Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.

© 2017 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author e-mail: D. Baumgardner, darrel.baumgardner@gmail.com
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