Cover Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

  • Al Nakshabandi, G., and H. Kohnke, 1965: Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of soils as related to moisture tension and other physical properties. Agric. Meteor.,2, 271–279.

  • Alpert, P., and M. Mandel, 1986: Wind variability—An indicator for a mesoclimatic climate change in Israel. J. Climate Appl. Meteor.,25, 1568–1576.

  • André, J. C., J. P. Goutorbe, and A. Perrier, 1986: HAPEX-MOBILHY: A hydrological and atmospheric experiment for the study of water budget and evaporation flux at the climatic scale. Amer. Bull. Meteor. Soc.,67, 138–144.

  • ——, P. Bougeault, J.-F. Mahfouf, P. Mascart, J. Noilhan, and J.-P. Pinty, 1989: Impact of forests on mesoscale meteorology. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B,324, 407–422.

  • Ben-Gai, T., A. Bitan, A. Manes, and P. Alpert, 1993: Long-term change in October rainfall patterns in Southern Israel. Theor. Appl. Climatol.,46, 209–217.

  • Bessemoulin, P., G. Desroziers, M. Payen, and C. Tarrieu, 1987: Atlas des données SAMER. Internal Rep., CNRM, 256 pp. [Available from Meteo-France, CNRM/GMEI, 42 Av. G. Coriolis, F-31057 Toulouse Cedex, France.].

  • Bornstein, R., P. Thunis, P. Grossi, and G. Schayes, 1996: Topographic vorticity-mode mesoscale-B (TVM) model: Part II: Evaluation. J. Appl. Meteor.,35, 1824–1834.

  • Brutsaert, W. H., 1982: Evaporation into the Atmosphere. D. Reidel, 299 pp.

  • Camillo, P. J., 1991: Using one- or two-layer models for evaporation estimation with remotely sensed data. Land Surface Evaporation, Measurements and Parameterization, T. J. Schmugge and J.-C. André, Eds., Springer-Verlag, 183–197.

  • Charney, J. G., 1975: Dynamics of desert and drought in the Sahel. Quart. J. Roy Meteor. Soc.,101, 193–202.

  • Clapp, R. B., and G. M. Hornberger, 1978: Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties. Water Resour. Res.,14, 601–604.

  • Cowan, I. R., 1965: Transport of water in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. J. Appl. Ecol.,2, 221–239.

  • Deardorff, J. W., 1978: Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture with inclusion of a layer of vegetation. J. Geophys. Res.,83, 1889–1903.

  • Denmead, O. T., and E. F. Bradley, 1985: Flux-gradient relationships in a forest canopy. The Forest–Atmosphere Interaction. B. A. Hutchinson and B. B. Hicks, Eds., D. Reidel, 443–480.

  • De Ridder, K., 1997: Radiative transfer in the IAGL land surface model. J. Appl. Meteor.,36, 12–21.

  • ——, and G. Schayes, 1994: A land surface transfer scheme for use within a mesoscale atmospheric model. Vegetation, Modelling and Climatic Change Effects, F. Veroustraete and R. Ceulemans, Eds., Academic Publishing, 187–203.

  • Dickinson, R. E., 1983: Land surface processes and climate—Surface albedos and energy balance. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 25, Academic Press, 305–353.

  • Dorman, J. L., and P. J. Sellers, 1989: A global climatology of albedo, roughness length, and stomatal resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the Simple Biosphere model (SiB). J. Appl. Meteor.,28, 833–855.

  • Federer, C. A., 1979: A soil–+ant–atmosphere model for transpiration and availability of soil water. Water Resour. Res.,15, 555–562.

  • Gallée, H., 1995: Simulation of the mesocyclonic activity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev.,123, 2051–2069.

  • ——, and G. Schayes, 1994: Development of a three-dimensional meso-gamma primitive equations model, katabatic winds simulation in the area of Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev.,122, 671–685.

  • Garrat, J. R., 1992: The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. University Press, 316 pp.

  • Gash, J. H. C., W. J. Shuttleworth, C. R. Lloyd, J.-C. André, J.-P. Goutorbe, and J. Gelpe, 1989: Micrometeorological measurements in Les Landes forest during HAPEX–MOBILHY. Agric. For. Meteor.,46, 131–147.

  • Goutorbe, J.-P., 1991: A critical assessment of the SAMER network accuracy. Land Surface Evaporation, Measurements and Parameterization, T. J. Schmugge and J.-C. André, Eds., Springer-Verlag, 171–182.

  • ——, J. Noilhan, C. Valancogne, and R. H. Cuenca, 1989: Soil moisture variations during HAPEX-MOBILHY. Ann. Geophys.,7, 415–426.

  • Granier, A., V. Bobay, J. H. C. Gash, J. Gelpe, B. Saugier, and W. J. Shuttleworth, 1990: Vapour flux density and transpiration rate comparisons in a stand of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in Les Landes forest. Agric. For. Meteor.,51, 309–319.

  • Groot, A., and K. M. King, 1993: Modeling the physical environment of tree seedlings on forest clearcuts. Agric. For. Meteor.,64, 161–185.

  • Hillel, D., 1971: Soil and Water. Physical Principles and Processes. Academic Press.

  • Kandel, R., and M.-F. Courel, 1984: Le Sahel est-il responsable de sa sécheresse? La Recherche,158, 1152–1154.

  • Lare, A. R., and S. E. Nicholson, 1994: Contrasting conditions of surface water balance in wet years and dry years as a possible land surface–atmosphere feedback mechanism in the West African Sahel. J. Climate,7, 653–668.

  • Louis, J. F., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Bound.-Layer Meteor.,17, 187–202.

  • Mahfouf, J.-F., 1990: A numerical simulation of the surface water budget during HAPEX-MOBILHY. Bound.-Layer Meteor.,53, 201–222.

  • McCumber, M. C., and R. A. Pielke, 1981: Simulation of the effects of surface fluxes of heat and moisture in a mesoscale numerical model. Part I: Soil layer. J. Geophys. Res.,86, 9929–9983.

  • Monteith, J. L., 1995: Accomodation between transpiring vegetation and the convective boundary layer. J. Hydrol.,166, 251–263.

  • ——, and M. H. Unsworth, 1990: Principles of Environmental Physics. Edward Arnold, 291 pp.

  • Moore, C. J., and G. Fish, 1986: Estimating heat storage in Amazonian tropical forest. Agric. For. Meteor.,38, 147–168.

  • Nicholson, S. E., 1988: Land surface atmosphere interaction: Physical processes and surface changes and their impact. Prog. Phys. Geogr.,12, 36–65.

  • Noilhan, J., and S. Planton, 1989: A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorologicalmodels. Mon. Wea. Rev.,117, 536–549.

  • Otterman, J., A. Manes, S. Rubin, P. Alpert, and D. O’C. Starr, 1990: An increase of early rains in Southern Israel following land use change? Bound.-Layer Meteor.,53, 333–351.

  • Pielke, R. A., 1984: Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling. Academic Press, 612 pp.

  • Price, J. C., 1984: Land surface temperature measurements from the split window channels of the NOAA 7 advanced very high resolution radiometer. J. Geophys. Res.,89, 7231–7237.

  • Ralston, A., and P. Rabinowitz, 1978: A First Course in Numerical Analysis. McGraw-Hill, 556 pp.

  • Savijarvi, H., 1992: On surface temperature and moisture prediction in atmospheric models. Beitr. Phys. Atmos.,65, 281–292.

  • Schayes, G., P. Thunis, and R. Bornstein, 1996: Topographic vorticity-mode mesoscale-B (TVM) model. Part I: Formulation. J. Appl. Meteor.,35, 1815–1823.

  • Segal, M., and R. W. Aritt, 1992: Nonclassical mesoscale circulations caused by surface sensible heat-flux gradients. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,73, 1593–1604.

  • Sellers, P. J., and J. L. Dorman, 1987: Testing the simple biosphere model (SiB) using point micrometeorological and biophysical data. J. Climate Appl. Meteor.,26, 622–651.

  • ——, Y. Mintz, Y. C. Sud, and A. Dalcher, 1986: A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci.,43, 505–531.

  • Shawcroft, R. W., and Lemon, E. R., 1973: Estimation of internal crop water status from meteorological and plant parameters. Plant Response to Climatic Factors, R. O. Slatyer, Ed., UNESCO, 449–559.

  • Shuttleworth, W. J., 1988: Evaporation from Amazonian rainforest. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B,233, 321–346.

  • ——, and coauthors, 1984: Eddy correlation measurements of energy partition for Amazonian forest. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,110, 1143–1162.

  • Stull, R. B., 1991: Static stability—An update. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,72, 1521–1529.

  • Viterbo, P., and A. C. M. Beljaars, 1995: An improved land surface parameterization scheme in the ECMWF model and its validation. J. Climate,8, 2716–2748.

  • Walker, J., and P. R. Rowntree, 1977: The effect of soil moisture on circulation and rainfall in a tropical model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,103, 29–46.

  • Wetzel, P. J., and J.-T. Chang, 1988: Evapotranspiration from nonuniform surfaces: A first approach for short-term numerical weather prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev.,116, 600–621.

  • Wilson, M. F., and A. Henderson-Sellers, 1985: A global archive of land cover and soils data for use in general circulation climate models. J. Climatol.,5, 119–143.

  • Yan, H., and R. A. Anthes, 1988: The effect of variations in surface moisture on mesoscale circulations. Mon. Wea. Rev.,116, 192–208.

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 532 150 9
PDF Downloads 227 65 2
Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

The IAGL Land Surface Model

Koen De RidderInstitut d’Astronomie et de Gé(hysique Georges Lemaître, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Search for other papers by Koen De Ridder in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
and
Guy SchayesInstitut d’Astronomie et de Gé(hysique Georges Lemaître, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Search for other papers by Guy Schayes in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
Print Publication:
01 Feb 1997
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<0167:TILSM>2.0.CO;2
Page(s):
167–182
Restricted access

Abstract

A model that computes the fluxes of energy and momentum between the land surface and the atmosphere is presented. It is designed to serve as a lower boundary in a mesoscale atmospheric model and is intended to be used to study the influence of the land surface on regional atmospheric circulations and climate.

The land surface model contains one vegetation layer, a soil skin layer, and four subsurface soil layers. The shortwave and longwave radiation schemes are based on the two-stream theory. Turbulent transfer is treated in a very simple manner, by considering canopy–air and ground–air exchanges separately. Plant water flow is governed by differences in water potential between the soil and the leaves. The stomatal resistance formulation uses the effective leaf area index and the leaf water potential as key variables. It is shown that the resulting transpiration scheme implicitly accounts for the influence of visible radiation, soil moisture, atmospheric saturation deficit, and leaf temperature.

The results of four validation experiments are shown. Parameters were chosen prior to the model runs, and no tuning was involved. These experiments show that the surface model is capable of reproducing observed fluxes within instrumental error including timescales ranging from rapid weather changes up to several months.

Corresponding author address: Koen De Ridder, Institut d’Astronomie et de Gé(hysique Georges Lemaître, Université Catholique de Louvain, 2, Chemin du Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

deridder@astr.ucl.ac.beSecond author’s e-mail: schayes@astr.ucl.ac.be

Abstract

A model that computes the fluxes of energy and momentum between the land surface and the atmosphere is presented. It is designed to serve as a lower boundary in a mesoscale atmospheric model and is intended to be used to study the influence of the land surface on regional atmospheric circulations and climate.

The land surface model contains one vegetation layer, a soil skin layer, and four subsurface soil layers. The shortwave and longwave radiation schemes are based on the two-stream theory. Turbulent transfer is treated in a very simple manner, by considering canopy–air and ground–air exchanges separately. Plant water flow is governed by differences in water potential between the soil and the leaves. The stomatal resistance formulation uses the effective leaf area index and the leaf water potential as key variables. It is shown that the resulting transpiration scheme implicitly accounts for the influence of visible radiation, soil moisture, atmospheric saturation deficit, and leaf temperature.

The results of four validation experiments are shown. Parameters were chosen prior to the model runs, and no tuning was involved. These experiments show that the surface model is capable of reproducing observed fluxes within instrumental error including timescales ranging from rapid weather changes up to several months.

Corresponding author address: Koen De Ridder, Institut d’Astronomie et de Gé(hysique Georges Lemaître, Université Catholique de Louvain, 2, Chemin du Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

deridder@astr.ucl.ac.beSecond author’s e-mail: schayes@astr.ucl.ac.be

Save