Article Type:
Research Article

Energy Balance and Evapotranspiration in a High Mountain Area during Summer

T. Konzelmann Department of Geography, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland

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P. Calanca Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dubendorf, Switzerland

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G. Müller Department of Geography, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland

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L. Menzel Department of Geography, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland

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H. Lang Department of Geography, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland

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Print Publication:
01 Jul 1997
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<0966:EBAEIA>2.0.CO;2
Page(s):
966–973
Restricted access

Abstract

A meteorological experiment was carried out in summer 1995 at two representative sites above and below the timberline in the Dischma Valley, near Davos, Switzerland. The study aimed at investigating the characteristics of the surface energy balance and of the evapotranspiration in a high alpine environment during the vegetation period. At both sites, net radiation is the only energy source. It amounts to about 80 W m−2 at the lower and 100 W m−2 at the upper sites, respectively. Since the albedo and the longwave radiation budget do not differ significantly, net radiation was found to be linearly dependent on global radiation. The latent heat flux associated with evapotranspiration represents the most important energy sink, averaging to −70 W m−2 at the lower and −63 W m−2 at the upper locations. It is therefore of comparable magnitude, despite a larger energy availability at the upper site. This is due to a significantly larger Bowen ratio at this upper location. On the other hand, the diurnal course of the Bowen ratio is at both sites such that the latent heat flux can be expressed as a linear function of net or global radiation. For a better characterization, the actual evapotranspiration was compared to Penman’s parameterization, which represents the potential limit for saturated surface conditions. The comparison shows that, even during wet periods, evapotranspiration is regulated by the moisture conditions in the soil and the physiological behavior of vegetation.

Corresponding author address and current affiliation: Dr. Thomas Konzelmann, SwissMeteorological Institute, Krähbühlstr. 58, CH-8044 Zürich, Switzerland.

Abstract

A meteorological experiment was carried out in summer 1995 at two representative sites above and below the timberline in the Dischma Valley, near Davos, Switzerland. The study aimed at investigating the characteristics of the surface energy balance and of the evapotranspiration in a high alpine environment during the vegetation period. At both sites, net radiation is the only energy source. It amounts to about 80 W m−2 at the lower and 100 W m−2 at the upper sites, respectively. Since the albedo and the longwave radiation budget do not differ significantly, net radiation was found to be linearly dependent on global radiation. The latent heat flux associated with evapotranspiration represents the most important energy sink, averaging to −70 W m−2 at the lower and −63 W m−2 at the upper locations. It is therefore of comparable magnitude, despite a larger energy availability at the upper site. This is due to a significantly larger Bowen ratio at this upper location. On the other hand, the diurnal course of the Bowen ratio is at both sites such that the latent heat flux can be expressed as a linear function of net or global radiation. For a better characterization, the actual evapotranspiration was compared to Penman’s parameterization, which represents the potential limit for saturated surface conditions. The comparison shows that, even during wet periods, evapotranspiration is regulated by the moisture conditions in the soil and the physiological behavior of vegetation.

Corresponding author address and current affiliation: Dr. Thomas Konzelmann, SwissMeteorological Institute, Krähbühlstr. 58, CH-8044 Zürich, Switzerland.

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Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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