Abstract
Measurements of aircraft icing environments that include supercooled large drops (SLD) greater than 50 μm in diameter have been made during 38 research flights. These flights were conducted during the First and Third Canadian Freezing Drizzle Experiments. A primary objective of each project was the collection of in situ microphysics data in order to characterize aircraft icing environments associated with SLD. In total there were 2793 30-s averages obtained in clouds with temperatures less than or equal to 0°C, maximum droplet sizes greater than or equal to 50 μm, and ice crystal concentrations less than 1 L−1. The data include measurements from 12 distinct environments in which SLD were formed through melting of ice crystals followed by supercooling in a lower cold layer and from 27 distinct environments in which SLD were formed through a condensation and collision–coalescence process. The majority of the data were collected at temperatures between 0° and −14°C, in stratiform winter clouds associated with warm-frontal or low pressure regions. For in-cloud measurements with temperatures less than or equal to 0°C, the relative fraction of liquid-, mixed-, and glaciated-phase conditions were 0.4, 0.4, and 0.2, respectively. For each 30-s (3 km) measurement, integrated drop spectra that spanned 1–3000 μm were determined using measurements from forward-scattering spectrometer probes and 2D-C and 2D-P probes. The integrated liquid water content (LWC) for each drop spectrum was compared with the LWC measured with a Nevzorov total water content probe and a Rosemount icing detector. The agreement was within the errors expected for such comparisons. This provides confidence in the droplet spectra measurements, particularly in the assessment of extreme conditions. The 99.9th-percentile LWC value was 0.7 g m−3, and the 99th-percentile LWC for drops greater than 50 μm in diameter was 0.2 g m−3. The 99.5th-percentile values of LWC and droplet concentrations are determined for different horizontal length scales and droplet diameter intervals, and are used to characterize the extreme icing conditions observed. The largest median volume diameters (MVD) observed were approximately 1000 μm and represent cases in which the aircraft was flown below cloud base in freezing-rain conditions. In one case, SLD was observed to form at −21°C, and the associated icing was rated as severe. Approximately 3% of the data for which SLD were observed had LWC greater than 0.2 g m−3 and MVD greater than 30 μm. Such conditions are believed to represent conditions that have the largest potential effects on aircraft performance. The analysis is presented in a format that is suitable for several applications within the aviation community, and comparisons are made to four common icing-envelope formulations. The data should be beneficial to regulatory authorities who are currently attempting to assess certification requirements for aircraft that are expected to encounter freezing-precipitation conditions.
Corresponding author address: Stewart Cober, Cloud Physics Research Division, Meteorological Service of Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. stewart.cober@ec.gc.ca
