Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Laboratory and In Situ Observation of Deposition Growth of Frozen Drops

Alexei V. Korolev Sky Tech Research, Inc., Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada

Search for other papers by Alexei V. Korolev in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Matthew P. Bailey Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada

Search for other papers by Matthew P. Bailey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
John Hallett Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada

Search for other papers by John Hallett in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
, and
George A. Isaac Cloud Physics Research Division, Meteorological Service of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Search for other papers by George A. Isaac in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Print Publication:
01 Apr 2004
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0612:LAISOO>2.0.CO;2
Page(s):
612–622
Restricted access

Abstract

The water vapor deposition growth of frozen drops with diameter greater than 100 μm has been studied in a thermal diffusion chamber. For varying periods of time, it was found that frozen drops experience spherical growth. The characteristic time of spherical growth depends on supersaturation, temperature, and drop size, and it varies from minutes to tens of minutes. The average rate of frozen drop growth agrees well with that predicted by the Maxwellian growth equation for ice spheres. Observations in natural clouds conducted with a cloud particle imager probe has yielded evidence that frozen drops may retain spheroidal shapes for at least 15–20 min under conditions close to saturation over water. These observations are in agreement with the laboratory experiments. The observation of frozen drops in natural clouds may be correlated to freezing drizzle generated by overlying cloud layers that may lead to hazardous in-flight icing.

Corresponding author address: Alexei V. Korolev, Sky Tech Research, Inc., 28 Don Head Village Blvd., Richmond Hill, ON L4C 7M6, Canada. alexei.korolev@rogers.com

Abstract

The water vapor deposition growth of frozen drops with diameter greater than 100 μm has been studied in a thermal diffusion chamber. For varying periods of time, it was found that frozen drops experience spherical growth. The characteristic time of spherical growth depends on supersaturation, temperature, and drop size, and it varies from minutes to tens of minutes. The average rate of frozen drop growth agrees well with that predicted by the Maxwellian growth equation for ice spheres. Observations in natural clouds conducted with a cloud particle imager probe has yielded evidence that frozen drops may retain spheroidal shapes for at least 15–20 min under conditions close to saturation over water. These observations are in agreement with the laboratory experiments. The observation of frozen drops in natural clouds may be correlated to freezing drizzle generated by overlying cloud layers that may lead to hazardous in-flight icing.

Corresponding author address: Alexei V. Korolev, Sky Tech Research, Inc., 28 Don Head Village Blvd., Richmond Hill, ON L4C 7M6, Canada. alexei.korolev@rogers.com

Save
Cover Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

  • Bacon, N. J., M. B. Baker, and B. D. Swanson. 2003. Initial stages in the morphological evolution of vapor-grown ice crystals: A laboratory investigation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 129:1903–1928.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bentley, W. A. 1907. Studies of frost and ice crystals. Mon. Wea. Rev 35:512–516.

  • Bergeron, T. 1938. Hydrometeorbeschreibungen (Definition of hydrometers). Procès-Verbaux de la Session de Salzbourg Salzburg, Germany, International Meteorological Organization, No. 40, 232.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cober, S. G., G. A. Isaac, and J. W. Strapp. 2001. Characterization of aircraft icing environments that include supercooled large drops. J. Appl. Meteor 40:1984–2002.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Elliott, W. P. 1971. Dimensions of thermal diffusion chambers. J. Atmos. Sci 28:810–810.

  • Fukuta, N. and T. Takahashi. 1999. The growth of atmospheric ice crystals: A summary of findings in vertical supercooled cloud tunnel studies. J. Atmos. Sci 56:1963–1979.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gonda, and T. Yamazaki. 1984. Initial growth forms of snow crystals growing from frozen droplets. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 62:190–192.

  • Hallett, J. and B. J. Mason. 1958. The influence of temperature and supersaturation on the habit of ice crystals grown from the vapor. Proc. Roy. Soc A247. 440–453.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hallett, J. and G. A. Isaac. 2002. Aircraft icing in glaciated and mixed phase clouds. AIAA 40th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, AIAA, Paper AIAA-2002-0677.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hallett, J., W. P. Arnott, M. P. Bailey, and J. T. Hallett. 2002. Ice crystals in cirrus. Cirrus, D. K. Lynch et al., Eds., Oxford University Press, 41–77.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Houghton, H. G. 1950. A preliminary qualitative analysis of precipitation mechanisms. J. Meteor 7:363–369.

  • Isaac, G. A., S. G. Cober, J. W. Strapp, A. V. Korolev, A. Tremblay, and D. L. Marcotte. 2001. Recent Canadian research on aircraft in-flight icing. Can. Aeronaut. Space J 47:213–221.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jeffreys, H. 1918. Some problems of evaporation. Philos. Mag 35:270–280.

  • Johnson, D. A. and J. Hallett. 1968. Freezing and shattering of supercooled water drops. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 94:468–492.

  • Kikuchi, K. 1972. On snow crystals with small raindrops. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 50:142–144.

  • Kikuchi, K. and H. Uyeda. 1979. On snow crystals with small raindrops. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 57:273–281.

  • Kimura, T. and M. Kajikawa. 1984. An observation of ice pellets. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 62:802–808.

  • Knollenberg, R. G. 1981. Techniques for probing cloud microstructure. Clouds, Their Formation, Optical Properties, and Effects, P. V. Hobbs and A. Deepak, Eds., Academic Press, 15–91.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kobayashi, T. 1957. Experimental researches on the snow crystal habit and growth by means of a diffusion cloud chamber. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 35:38–44.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Korolev, A. V., J. W. Strapp, G. A. Isaac, and A. N. Nevzorov. 1998. The Nevzorov airborne hotwire LWC–TWC probe: Principle of operation and performance characteristics. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol 15:1495–1510.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lawson, P. R., B. Baker, C. G. Schmitt, and T. Jensen. 2001. An overview of microphysical properties of Arctic clouds observed in May and June 1998 during FIRE ACE. J. Geophys. Res 106:14989–15014.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Magono, C. and C. Lee. 1966. Meteorological classification of natural snow crystals. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. 7 2:321–335.

  • Magono, C., S. Fujita, and T. Taniguichi. 1976. Shapes of single ice crystals originated from frozen cloud drops. Preprints, Int. Conf. on Cloud Physics, Boulder, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 103–106.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nakaya, U. 1954. Snow Crystals, Natural and Artificial. Harvard University Press, 510 pp.

  • Pruppacher, H. R. and J. D. Klett. 1997. Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. Kluwer Academic, 954 pp.

  • Puzanov, V. P. and V. I. Akkuratov. 1952. About formation of some types of hailstones. Sov. Meteor. Hydrol N6. 29–33.

  • Takahashi, C. 1975. Deformation of frozen water drops and their frequencies. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 53:402–411.

  • Takahashi, C. 1976. Relation between deformation and the crystalline orientation of frozen water drops. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 54:448–453.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Takahashi, C. 1979. Formation of poly-crystalline snow crystals by riming processes. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 57:458–464.

  • Uyeda, H. and K. Kikuchi. 1978. Freezing experiments of supercooled water droplets frozen by single crystal ice. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 56:43–50.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wood, S. E., M. B. Baker, and B. D. Swanson. 2002. Instrument for studies of homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation in free-falling supercooled water droplets. Rev. Sci. Instrum 73:3988–3996.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yamashita, A. and C. Takahashi. 1972. Initial growth process of snow crystals from frozen water drops. Proc. Int. Cloud Physics Conf., London, United Kingdom, ICCP, 50–51.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 313 109 8
PDF Downloads 172 89 2