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Lasse Makkonen VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland

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Corresponding author address: Lasse Makkonen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Finland. Email: lasse.makkonen@vtt.fi

Corresponding author address: Lasse Makkonen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Finland. Email: lasse.makkonen@vtt.fi

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  • Brabson, B. B., and J. P. Palutikof, 2000: Tests of the generalized Pareto distribution for predicting extreme wind speeds. J. Appl. Meteor., 39 , 16271640.

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  • Coles, S., 2001: An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values. Springer, 208 pp.

  • Cook, N. J., 1998: Improving the Gumbel analysis by using M-th highest extremes. Wind Struct., 1 , 2542.

  • Cook, N. J., and R. I. Harris, 2004: Exact and general FT1 penultimate distributions of extreme wind speeds drawn from tail-equivalent Weibull parents. Struct. Saf., 26 , 391420.

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  • Cook, N. J., R. I. Harris, and R. Whiting, 2003: Extreme wind speeds in mixed climates revisited. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 91 , 403422.

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  • de Haan, L., 2007: Comments on “Plotting positions in extreme value analysis.”. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46 , 396.

  • Folland, C., and C. Anderson, 2002: Estimating changing extremes using empirical ranking methods. J. Climate, 15 , 29542960.

  • Galambos, J., and N. Macri, 1999: Classical extreme value model and prediction of extreme winds. J. Struct. Eng., 125 , 792794.

  • Harris, R. I., 1996: Gumbel re-visited—A new look at extreme value statistics applied to wind speeds. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 59 , 122.

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  • Harris, R. I., 1999: Improvements to the “method of independent storms.”. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 80 , 130.

  • Harris, R. I., 2000: Control curves for extreme value methods. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 88 , 119131.

  • Harris, R. I., 2001: The accuracy of design values predicted from extreme value analysis. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 89 , 153164.

  • Harris, R. I., 2004: Extreme value analysis of epoch maxima—Convergence, and choice of asymptote. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 92 , 897918.

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  • Hosking, J. R., and J. R. Wallis, 1995: A comparison of unbiased and plotting-position estimators of L moments. Water Resour. Res., 31 , 20192025.

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  • Jones, D. A., 1997: Plotting positions via maximum-likelihood for a non-standard situation. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 1 , 357366.

  • Jordaan, I., 2005: Decisions under Uncertainty. Cambridge University Press, 672 pp.

  • Kharin, V. V., and F. W. Zwiers, 2005: Estimating extremes in transient climate change simulations. J. Climate, 18 , 11561173.

  • Kidson, R., and K. S. Richards, 2005: Flood frequency analysis: Assumptions and alternatives. Prog. Phys. Geogr., 29 , 392410.

  • Makkonen, L., 2006: Plotting positions in extreme value analysis. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 45 , 334340.

  • McRobie, A., 2005: The Bayesian approach to extreme events. Structure and Extreme Events, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE Reports, Vol. 90), 378–379.

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  • NIST/SEMATECH, cited. 2006: NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. [Available online at http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook.].

  • Palutikof, J. P., B. B. Brabson, D. H. Lister, and S. T. Adcock, 1999: A review of methods to calculate extreme wind speeds. Meteor. Appl., 6 , 119132.

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  • Rasmussen, P. F., and N. Gautam, 2003: Alternative PWM-estimators of the Gumbel distribution. J. Hydrol., 280 , 265271.

  • Simiu, E., N. A. Heckert, J. J. Filliben, and S. K. Johnson, 2001: Extreme wind load estimates based on the Gumbel distribution of dynamic pressures: An assessment. Struct. Saf., 23 , 221229.

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  • Whalen, T. M., G. T. Savage, and G. D. Jeong, 2004: An evaluation of the self-determined probability-weighted moment method for estimating extreme wind speed. J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 92 , 219239.

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  • Yu, G-H., and C-C. Huang, 2001: A distribution free plotting position. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess., 15 , 462476.

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