Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Atmospheric Response to Local Upwelling in the Vicinity of New York–New Jersey Harbor

Julie Pullen Marine Meteorology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California

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Teddy Holt Marine Meteorology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California

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Alan F. Blumberg Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey

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Robert D. Bornstein Meteorology Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, California

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Print Publication:
01 Jul 2007
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2511.1
Page(s):
1031–1052
Restricted access

Abstract

Multiply nested urbanized mesoscale model [Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)] simulations of the New York–New Jersey metropolitan region are conducted for 4–11 July 2004. The simulations differ only in their specification of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on nest 4 (1.33-km resolution) and nest 5 (0.44-km resolution). The “control SST” simulation (CONTROL-SST) uses an analyzed SST product, whereas the “New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System (NYHOPS) SST” simulation (NYHOPS-SST) uses hourly SSTs from the NYHOPS model hindcast. Upwelling-favorable (southerly) winds preceding the simulation time period and continuing for much of the first 5 days of the simulation generate cold water adjacent to the New Jersey coast and a cold eddy immediately outside of the harbor in the New York Bight. Both features are prominent in NYHOPS-SST but are not pronounced in CONTROL-SST. The upwelled water has a discernible influence on the overlying atmosphere by cooling near-surface air temperatures by approximately 1°–2°C, slowing the near-surface winds by 15%–20%, and reducing the nocturnal urban heat island effect by up to 1.3°C. At two coastal land-based sites and one overwater station, the wind speed mean bias is systematically reduced in NYHOPS-SST. During a wind shift to northwesterly on day 6 (9 July 2004) the comparatively cooler NYHOPS-SSTs impact the atmosphere over an even broader offshore area than was affected in the mean during the previous 5 days. Hence, air temperature evolution measured at the overwater site is better reproduced in NYHOPS-SST. Interaction of the offshore flow with the cool SSTs in NYHOPS-SST induces internal boundary layer (IBL) formation, sustained and deepened by turbulent kinetic energy advected from adjacent land areas; IBL formation did not occur in CONTROL-SST.

Corresponding author address: Julie Pullen, Marine Meteorology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 7 Grace Hopper Ave., Monterey, CA 93943. Email: pullen@nrlmry.navy.mil

Abstract

Multiply nested urbanized mesoscale model [Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)] simulations of the New York–New Jersey metropolitan region are conducted for 4–11 July 2004. The simulations differ only in their specification of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on nest 4 (1.33-km resolution) and nest 5 (0.44-km resolution). The “control SST” simulation (CONTROL-SST) uses an analyzed SST product, whereas the “New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System (NYHOPS) SST” simulation (NYHOPS-SST) uses hourly SSTs from the NYHOPS model hindcast. Upwelling-favorable (southerly) winds preceding the simulation time period and continuing for much of the first 5 days of the simulation generate cold water adjacent to the New Jersey coast and a cold eddy immediately outside of the harbor in the New York Bight. Both features are prominent in NYHOPS-SST but are not pronounced in CONTROL-SST. The upwelled water has a discernible influence on the overlying atmosphere by cooling near-surface air temperatures by approximately 1°–2°C, slowing the near-surface winds by 15%–20%, and reducing the nocturnal urban heat island effect by up to 1.3°C. At two coastal land-based sites and one overwater station, the wind speed mean bias is systematically reduced in NYHOPS-SST. During a wind shift to northwesterly on day 6 (9 July 2004) the comparatively cooler NYHOPS-SSTs impact the atmosphere over an even broader offshore area than was affected in the mean during the previous 5 days. Hence, air temperature evolution measured at the overwater site is better reproduced in NYHOPS-SST. Interaction of the offshore flow with the cool SSTs in NYHOPS-SST induces internal boundary layer (IBL) formation, sustained and deepened by turbulent kinetic energy advected from adjacent land areas; IBL formation did not occur in CONTROL-SST.

Corresponding author address: Julie Pullen, Marine Meteorology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 7 Grace Hopper Ave., Monterey, CA 93943. Email: pullen@nrlmry.navy.mil

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Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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