Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Analysis and Characterization of Probability Distribution and Small-Scale Spatial Variability of Rainfall in Singapore Using a Dense Gauge Network

Pradeep V. Mandapaka Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

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Xiaosheng Qin Earth Observatory of Singapore, and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

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Print Publication:
01 Dec 2013
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0115.1
Page(s):
2781–2796
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Abstract

Hourly rainfall measurements from a network of 49 rain gauges on the tropical island of Singapore are analyzed to characterize variability of rainfall for temporal and spatial scales ranging from 1 to 24 h and from 1 to 45 km, respectively. First, the probability distributions of rain rates are characterized using the method of L moments. The analysis showed that the Pearson type-3 (PE3) distribution best fitted the rain rates for all time scales of concern. The parameters of the PE3 distribution are found to be related to the time scale through simple power laws. Second, the spatial structure of rainfall is characterized using spatial correlations. The decay of correlations with intergauge distance is parameterized using a powered-exponential function. In general, the e-folding correlation distance (distance at which the correlation drops to 1/e) varied from 10 km at hourly scales to 33 km at daily scales. The study also examined diurnal, seasonal, and anisotropic patterns in the spatial correlation structure of rainfall. The rainfall patterns are smoothest in December and January and are most variable in February, April, and October. Diurnal analysis of spatial correlations showed that the rainfall patterns are smoothest in the early hours between 0100 and 0600 local time and are most variable during the afternoon between 1500 and 1900 local time. The results also showed complex anisotropic patterns in spatial correlations, with considerable dependence of rainfall orientation on spatial scale and the time of the year.

Corresponding author address: Pradeep V. Mandapaka, Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798. E-mail: pradeepmv@ntu.edu.sg

Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0115.s1.

Abstract

Hourly rainfall measurements from a network of 49 rain gauges on the tropical island of Singapore are analyzed to characterize variability of rainfall for temporal and spatial scales ranging from 1 to 24 h and from 1 to 45 km, respectively. First, the probability distributions of rain rates are characterized using the method of L moments. The analysis showed that the Pearson type-3 (PE3) distribution best fitted the rain rates for all time scales of concern. The parameters of the PE3 distribution are found to be related to the time scale through simple power laws. Second, the spatial structure of rainfall is characterized using spatial correlations. The decay of correlations with intergauge distance is parameterized using a powered-exponential function. In general, the e-folding correlation distance (distance at which the correlation drops to 1/e) varied from 10 km at hourly scales to 33 km at daily scales. The study also examined diurnal, seasonal, and anisotropic patterns in the spatial correlation structure of rainfall. The rainfall patterns are smoothest in December and January and are most variable in February, April, and October. Diurnal analysis of spatial correlations showed that the rainfall patterns are smoothest in the early hours between 0100 and 0600 local time and are most variable during the afternoon between 1500 and 1900 local time. The results also showed complex anisotropic patterns in spatial correlations, with considerable dependence of rainfall orientation on spatial scale and the time of the year.

Corresponding author address: Pradeep V. Mandapaka, Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798. E-mail: pradeepmv@ntu.edu.sg

Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0115.s1.

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