Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

A Synoptic Classification of Inflow-Generating Precipitation in the Snowy Mountains, Australia

Alison Theobald Climate Research Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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Hamish McGowan Climate Research Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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Johanna Speirs Snowy Hydro, Ltd., Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Nik Callow Environmental Dynamics and Ecohydrology, School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

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Print Publication:
01 Aug 2015
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0278.1
Page(s):
1713–1732
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Abstract

Precipitation falling in the Snowy Mountains region of southeastern Australia provides fuel for hydroelectric power generation and environmental flows along major river systems, as well as critical water resources for agricultural irrigation. A synoptic climatology of daily precipitation that triggers a quantifiable increase in streamflow in the headwater catchments of the Snowy Mountains region is presented for the period 1958–2012. Here, previous synoptic-meteorological studies of the region are extended by using a longer-term, year-round precipitation and reanalysis dataset combined with a novel, automated synoptic-classification technique. A three-dimensional representation of synoptic circulation is developed by effectively combining meteorological variables through the depth of the troposphere. Eleven distinct synoptic types are identified, describing key circulation features and moisture pathways that deliver precipitation to the Snowy Mountains. Synoptic types with the highest precipitation totals are commonly associated with moisture pathways originating from the northeast and northwest of Australia. These systems generate the greatest precipitation totals across the westerly and high-elevation areas of the Snowy Mountains, but precipitation is reduced in the eastern-elevation areas in the lee of the mountain ranges. In eastern regions, synoptic types with onshore transport of humid air from the Tasman Sea are the major source of precipitation. Strong seasonality in synoptic types is evident, with frontal and cutoff-low types dominating in winter and inland heat troughs prevailing in summer. Interaction between tropical and extratropical systems is evident in all seasons.

Corresponding author address: Alison Theobald, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, Level 4, Chamberlain Bldg., University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia. E-mail: a.theobald@uq.edu.au

Abstract

Precipitation falling in the Snowy Mountains region of southeastern Australia provides fuel for hydroelectric power generation and environmental flows along major river systems, as well as critical water resources for agricultural irrigation. A synoptic climatology of daily precipitation that triggers a quantifiable increase in streamflow in the headwater catchments of the Snowy Mountains region is presented for the period 1958–2012. Here, previous synoptic-meteorological studies of the region are extended by using a longer-term, year-round precipitation and reanalysis dataset combined with a novel, automated synoptic-classification technique. A three-dimensional representation of synoptic circulation is developed by effectively combining meteorological variables through the depth of the troposphere. Eleven distinct synoptic types are identified, describing key circulation features and moisture pathways that deliver precipitation to the Snowy Mountains. Synoptic types with the highest precipitation totals are commonly associated with moisture pathways originating from the northeast and northwest of Australia. These systems generate the greatest precipitation totals across the westerly and high-elevation areas of the Snowy Mountains, but precipitation is reduced in the eastern-elevation areas in the lee of the mountain ranges. In eastern regions, synoptic types with onshore transport of humid air from the Tasman Sea are the major source of precipitation. Strong seasonality in synoptic types is evident, with frontal and cutoff-low types dominating in winter and inland heat troughs prevailing in summer. Interaction between tropical and extratropical systems is evident in all seasons.

Corresponding author address: Alison Theobald, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, Level 4, Chamberlain Bldg., University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia. E-mail: a.theobald@uq.edu.au
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