Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Radiation Fluxes in a Business District of Shanghai, China

Xiangyu Ao Shanghai Institute of Meteorological Science, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China

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C. S. B. Grimmond Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

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Dongwei Liu Shanghai Institute of Meteorological Science, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China

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Zhihui Han Shanghai Institute of Meteorological Science, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China

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Ping Hu Shanghai Meteorological Information and Technological Support Centre, Shanghai, China

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Yadong Wang Shanghai Meteorological Information and Technological Support Centre, Shanghai, China

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Xinrong Zhen Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China

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Jianguo Tan Shanghai Institute of Meteorological Science, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China

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Print Publication:
01 Nov 2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0082.1
Page(s):
2451–2468
Restricted access

Abstract

Radiative fluxes are key drivers of surface–atmosphere heat exchanges in cities. Here the first yearlong (December 2012–November 2013) measurements of the full radiation balance for a dense urban site in Shanghai, China, are presented, collected with a CNR4 net radiometer mounted 80 m above ground. Clear-sky incoming shortwave radiation K↓ (median daytime maxima) ranges from 575 W m−2 in winter to 875 W m−2 in spring, with cloud cover reducing the daily maxima by about 160 W m−2. The median incoming longwave radiation daytime maxima are 305 and 468 W m−2 in winter and summer, respectively, with increases of 30 and 15 W m−2 for cloudy conditions. The effect of air quality is evident: haze conditions decrease hourly median K↓ by 11.3%. The midday (1100–1300 LST) clear-sky surface albedo α is 0.128, 0.141, 0.143, and 0.129 for winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. The value of α varies with solar elevation and azimuth angle because of the heterogeneity of the urban surface. In winter, shadows play an important role in decreasing α in the late afternoon. For the site, the bulk α is 0.14. The Net All-Wave Radiation Parameterization Scheme/Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (NARP/SUEWS) land surface model reproduces the radiation components at this site well, which is a promising result for applications elsewhere. These observations help to fill the gap of long-term radiation measurements in East Asian and low-latitude cities, quantifying the effects of season, cloud cover, and air quality.

Corresponding author address: Jianguo Tan, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai Institute of Meteorological Science, 166 Puxi Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. E-mail: tanjg@mail.typhoon.gov.cn

Abstract

Radiative fluxes are key drivers of surface–atmosphere heat exchanges in cities. Here the first yearlong (December 2012–November 2013) measurements of the full radiation balance for a dense urban site in Shanghai, China, are presented, collected with a CNR4 net radiometer mounted 80 m above ground. Clear-sky incoming shortwave radiation K↓ (median daytime maxima) ranges from 575 W m−2 in winter to 875 W m−2 in spring, with cloud cover reducing the daily maxima by about 160 W m−2. The median incoming longwave radiation daytime maxima are 305 and 468 W m−2 in winter and summer, respectively, with increases of 30 and 15 W m−2 for cloudy conditions. The effect of air quality is evident: haze conditions decrease hourly median K↓ by 11.3%. The midday (1100–1300 LST) clear-sky surface albedo α is 0.128, 0.141, 0.143, and 0.129 for winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. The value of α varies with solar elevation and azimuth angle because of the heterogeneity of the urban surface. In winter, shadows play an important role in decreasing α in the late afternoon. For the site, the bulk α is 0.14. The Net All-Wave Radiation Parameterization Scheme/Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (NARP/SUEWS) land surface model reproduces the radiation components at this site well, which is a promising result for applications elsewhere. These observations help to fill the gap of long-term radiation measurements in East Asian and low-latitude cities, quantifying the effects of season, cloud cover, and air quality.

Corresponding author address: Jianguo Tan, Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai Institute of Meteorological Science, 166 Puxi Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. E-mail: tanjg@mail.typhoon.gov.cn
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