Methods for Reducing Biofouling of Moored Optical Sensors

Derek V. Manov Ocean Physics Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California

Search for other papers by Derek V. Manov in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Grace C. Chang Ocean Physics Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California

Search for other papers by Grace C. Chang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Tommy D. Dickey Ocean Physics Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California

Search for other papers by Tommy D. Dickey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Abstract

Biofouling is one of the primary limiting factors in terms of measurement accuracy and deployment longevity for oceanographic studies involving autonomous sampling. Copper can significantly reduce marine fouling for long-term optical sensor deployments in coastal and open-ocean environments. Copper can effectively replace previously used highly toxic chemical antifoulant methods. Copper-based antifouling systems can be employed with three types of optical sensors: 1) open, 2) enclosed or semienclosed, and 3) shuttered. Copper plates on open-faced backscattering sensors can enable deployment periods of longer than 60 days in coastal waters without biofouling. In addition, copper tubing on nine-wavelength absorption-attenuation meters (ac-9s) has extended measurement capabilities from about 10 days to greater than 60 days with no signs of biofouling in coastal waters. Implementation of copper shutters on optical sensors in open-ocean waters off Japan has resulted in extended deployment periods (410 days and possibly longer) for optical measurements whereas previous optical measurements in the open ocean were typically degraded within several weeks to at most a few months due to biofouling.

Corresponding author address: Derek V. Manov, Ocean Physics Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, 6487 Calle Real, Suite A, Goleta, CA 93117. Email: derek.manov@opl.ucsb.edu

Abstract

Biofouling is one of the primary limiting factors in terms of measurement accuracy and deployment longevity for oceanographic studies involving autonomous sampling. Copper can significantly reduce marine fouling for long-term optical sensor deployments in coastal and open-ocean environments. Copper can effectively replace previously used highly toxic chemical antifoulant methods. Copper-based antifouling systems can be employed with three types of optical sensors: 1) open, 2) enclosed or semienclosed, and 3) shuttered. Copper plates on open-faced backscattering sensors can enable deployment periods of longer than 60 days in coastal waters without biofouling. In addition, copper tubing on nine-wavelength absorption-attenuation meters (ac-9s) has extended measurement capabilities from about 10 days to greater than 60 days with no signs of biofouling in coastal waters. Implementation of copper shutters on optical sensors in open-ocean waters off Japan has resulted in extended deployment periods (410 days and possibly longer) for optical measurements whereas previous optical measurements in the open ocean were typically degraded within several weeks to at most a few months due to biofouling.

Corresponding author address: Derek V. Manov, Ocean Physics Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, 6487 Calle Real, Suite A, Goleta, CA 93117. Email: derek.manov@opl.ucsb.edu

Save
  • Bartz, R., Zaneveld J. R. V. , and Pak H. , 1978: A transmissometer for profiling and moored observations in water. Proc. SPIE, 160 , 102108.

  • Bartz, R., Spinrad R. W. , and Kitchen J. C. , 1988: A low power, high resolution, in situ fluorometer for profiling and moored applications in water. Proc. SPIE, 925 , 157170.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bishop, J. K. B., Davis R. E. , and Sherman J. T. , 2002: Robotic observations of dust storm enhancement of carbon biomass in the North Pacific. Science, 298 , 817820.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bogucki, D., Dickey T. , and Redekopp L. G. , 1997: Sediment resuspension and mixing by resonantly generated internal solitary waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 27 , 11811196.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Butman, B., and Folger D. W. , 1979: An instrument system for long-term sediment transport studies on the continental shelf. J. Geophys. Res, 84 , 12151220.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, G. C., and Dickey T. D. , 2001: Bio-optical and physical variability on time-scales from minutes to the seasonal cycle on the New England continental shelf: July 1996–June 1997. J. Geophys. Res, 106 , 95179531.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, G. C., Dickey T. D. , and Williams A. J. III, 2001: Sediment resuspension over a continental shelf during Hurricanes Edouard and Hortense. J. Geophys. Res, 106 , 95179531.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chang, G. C., Dickey T. D. , Schofield O. M. , Weidemann A. D. , Boss E. , Pegau W. S. , Moline M. A. , and Glenn S. M. , 2002: Nearshore physical processes and bio-optical properties in the New York Bight. J. Geophys. Res.,107, 3133, doi:10.1029/2001JC001018.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chavez, F. P., Strutton P. G. , Friederich G. E. , Feely R. A. , Feldman G. A. , Foley D. , and McPhaden M. J. , 1999: Biological and chemical response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997 and 1998 El Niño. Science, 286 , 21262131.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chavez, F. P., Wright D. , Herlien R. , Kelley M. , Shane F. , and Strutton P. G. , 2000: A device for protecting moored spectroradiometers from biofouling. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol, 17 , 215219.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Clark, H. L., 2002: Continuous ocean presence for scientific research. Sea Technol, 43 , 1016.

  • Conte, M. H., Dickey T. D. , Weber J. C. , Johnson R. J. , and Knap A. H. , 2003: Transient physical forcing of pulsed export of bioreactive material to the deep Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res, 50A , 11571187.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davis, R. F., Moore C. C. , Zaneveld J. R. V. , and Napp J. M. , 1997: Reducing the effects of fouling on chlorophyll estimates derived from long-term deployments of optical instruments. J. Geophys. Res, 102 , 58515855.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dickey, T., 1991: The emergence of concurrent high-resolution physical and bio-optical measurements in the upper ocean. Rev. Geophys, 29 , 383413.

  • Dickey, T., 2001a: New technologies and their roles in advancing biogeochemical research. Oceanography, 14 , 108120.

  • Dickey, T., 2001b: Sensors: Inherent and apparent bio-optical properties. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, J. H. Steele, S. A. Thorpe, and K. K. Turekian, Eds., Academic Press, 1313–1323.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dickey, T., and Chang G. , 2001: Recent advances and future visions: Temporal variability of optical and bio-optical properties of the ocean. Oceanography, 14 , 1529.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dickey, T., and Falkowski P. , 2002: Solar energy and its biological–physical interactions in the sea. The Sea, A. Robinson, J. McCarthy, and B. Rothschild, Eds., Biological–physical Interactions in the Sea, Vol. 12, Wiley and Sons, 401–440.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dickey, T., Marra J. , Stramska M. , Langdon C. , Granata T. , Plueddemann A. , Weller R. , and Yoder J. , 1994: Bio-optical and physical variability in the subarctic North Atlantic Ocean during the spring of 1989. J. Geophys Res, 99 , 2254122556.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dickey, T., Chang G. C. , Agrawal Y. C. , Williams A. J. III, and Hill P. S. , 1998: Sediment resuspension in the wakes of Hurricanes Edouard and Hortense. Geophys. Res. Lett, 25 , 35333536.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Evans, S. M., Leksono T. , and McKinnell P. D. , 1995: Tributyltin pollution: A diminishing problem following legislation limiting use of TBT-based anti-fouling paints. Mar. Pollution Bull, 30 , 1421.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Foley, D. G., and Coauthors, 1997: Longwaves and primary production in the central equatorial Pacific at 0, 140°W. Deep-Sea Res, 44b , 18011826.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glenn, S. M., Dickey T. D. , Parker B. , and Boicourt W. , 2000a: Long-term real-time coastal ocean observation networks. Oceanography, 13 , 2434.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glenn, S. M., Boicourt W. , Parker B. , and Dickey T. D. , 2000b: Operational observation networks for ports, a large estuary, and an open shelf. Oceanography, 13 , 1223.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Granata, T., Wiggert J. , and Dickey T. , 1995: Trapped near-inertial waves and enhanced chlorophyll distributions. J.Geophys. Res, 100 , 2079320804.

  • Griffiths, G., Knap A. , and Dickey T. , 1999: Autosub experiment near Bermuda. Sea Technol, 41 , 3545.

  • Griffiths, G., Davis R. , Eriksen C. , Frye D. , Marchand P. , and Dickey T. , 2001: Towards new platform technology for sustained observations. Observing the Oceans in the 21st Century, C. J. Koblinsky and N. R. Smith, Eds. Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 324–338.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kirk, J. T. O., 1994: Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems. 2d ed. Cambridge University Press, 509 pp.

  • Koblinsky, C. J., and Smith N. R. , Eds.,. 2001: Observing the Oceans in the 21st Century. Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 580 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lewis, M. R., 2002: Variability of plankton and plankton processes on the mesoscale. Phytoplankton Productivity: Carbon Assimilation in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, P. J. Le B. Williams, D. N. Thomas, and C. S. Reynolds, Eds., Blackwell, 141– 156.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McLean, S., Schofield B. , Zibordi G. , Lewis M. , Hooker S. , and Weidemann A. , 1997: Field evaluation of anti-biofouling compounds on optical instrumentation. Proc. SPIE, 2963 , 708713.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mobley, C. D., 1994: Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters. Academic Press, 592 pp.

  • Moore, C., Zaneveld J. R. V. , and Kitchen J. C. , 1992: Preliminary results from in situ spectral absorption meter data. Proc. SPIE, 1750 , 330337.

  • Perry, M. J., 2002: Measurement of optical properties from autonomous platforms. Extended Abstracts, Ocean Optics XVI Conf., Santa Fe, NM, Office of Naval Research, CD-ROM.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Smith, R. C., Booth C. R. , and Star J. L. , 1984: Oceanographic bio-optical profiling system. Appl. Opt, 23 , 27912797.

  • Spinrad, R. W., 1987: Testing of optical properties and development of application procedure for OMP-8 antifoulant on submersible optical surfaces. Sea Tech Inc. Reference Tech. Rep. 8701, Corvallis, OR, 44 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Strahle, W. J., Perez C. L. , and Martini M. A. , 1994: Antifouling, Leaching Technique for Optical Lenses. OCEANS '94: Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's preservation Wiley–IEEE Computer Society, 710–715.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stramska, M., and Dickey T. D. , 1992: Variability of bio-optical properties in the upper ocean associated with diel cycles in phytoplankton population. J.Geophys. Res, 97 , 1787317887.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stramska, M., and Dickey T. D. , 1998: Short-term variability of the underwater light field in the oligotrophic ocean in response to surface waves and clouds. Deep-Sea Res, 45A , 13931410.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Turk, D., McPhaden M. J. , Busalacchi A. J. , and Lewis M. R. , 2001: Remotely-sensed biological production in the tropical Pacific during 1992–1999 El Niño and La Niña. Science, 293 , 471474.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Whitledge, T. E., and Wirick C. D. , 1986: Development of a moored in situ fluorometer for phytoplankton studies. Tidal Mixing and Plankton Dynamics, J. Bowman, M. Yentsch, and W. T. Peterson, Eds., Springer-Verlag, 449–462.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wirick, C. D., 1994: Exchange of phytoplankton across the continental shelf-slope boundary of the Middle Atlantic Bight during spring 1988. Deep-Sea Res, 41B , 391410.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yu, X., Dickey T. , Bellingham J. , Manov D. , and Streitlen K. , 2002: The application of autonomous underwater vehicles for interdisciplinary measurements in Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays. Contin. Shelf Res, 22 , 22252245.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zaneveld, J. R. V., Bartz R. , and Kitchen J. C. , 1990: Reflective-tube absorption meter. Proc. SPIE, 1302 , 124136.

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 1745 637 169
PDF Downloads 877 174 35