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Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Measuring Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation at a Wavy Sea Surface

Peter Sutherland Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California

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W. Kendall Melville Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California

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Print Publication:
01 Aug 2015
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00227.1
Page(s):
1498–1514
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Abstract

Wave breaking is thought to be the dominant mechanism for energy loss by the surface wave field. Breaking results in energetic and highly turbulent velocity fields, concentrated within approximately one wave height of the surface. To make meaningful estimates of wave energy dissipation in the upper ocean, it is then necessary to make accurate measurements of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation very near the surface. However, the surface wave field makes measurements of turbulence at the air–sea interface challenging since the energy spectrum contains energy from both waves and turbulence over the same range of wavenumbers and frequencies. Furthermore, wave orbital velocities can advect the turbulent wake of instrumentation into the sampling volume of the instrument. In this work a new technique for measuring TKE dissipation at the sea surface that overcomes these difficulties is presented. Using a stereo pair of longwave infrared cameras, it is possible to reconstruct the surface displacement and velocity fields. The vorticity of that velocity field can then be considered to be representative of the rotational turbulence and not the irrotational wave orbital velocities. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate can then be calculated by comparing the vorticity spectrum to a universal spectrum. Average surface TKE dissipation calculated in this manner was found to be consistent with near-surface values from the literature, and time-dependent dissipation was found to depend on breaking.

Current affiliation: Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.

Corresponding author address: Peter Sutherland, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France. E-mail: peter.sutherland@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr

Abstract

Wave breaking is thought to be the dominant mechanism for energy loss by the surface wave field. Breaking results in energetic and highly turbulent velocity fields, concentrated within approximately one wave height of the surface. To make meaningful estimates of wave energy dissipation in the upper ocean, it is then necessary to make accurate measurements of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation very near the surface. However, the surface wave field makes measurements of turbulence at the air–sea interface challenging since the energy spectrum contains energy from both waves and turbulence over the same range of wavenumbers and frequencies. Furthermore, wave orbital velocities can advect the turbulent wake of instrumentation into the sampling volume of the instrument. In this work a new technique for measuring TKE dissipation at the sea surface that overcomes these difficulties is presented. Using a stereo pair of longwave infrared cameras, it is possible to reconstruct the surface displacement and velocity fields. The vorticity of that velocity field can then be considered to be representative of the rotational turbulence and not the irrotational wave orbital velocities. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate can then be calculated by comparing the vorticity spectrum to a universal spectrum. Average surface TKE dissipation calculated in this manner was found to be consistent with near-surface values from the literature, and time-dependent dissipation was found to depend on breaking.

Current affiliation: Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.

Corresponding author address: Peter Sutherland, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France. E-mail: peter.sutherland@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr
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