Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Changes in TOA SW Fluxes over Marine Clouds When Estimated via Semiphysical Angular Distribution Models

F. Tornow Institute for Space Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York
NASA GISS, New York, New York

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C. Domenech GMV, Madrid, Spain

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J. N. S. Cole Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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N. Madenach Institute for Space Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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J. Fischer Institute for Space Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Online Publication:
17 Mar 2021
Print Publication:
01 Mar 2021
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0107.1
Page(s):
669–684
Restricted access

Abstract

Top-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave (SW) angular distribution models (ADMs) approximate—per angular direction of an imagined upward hemisphere—the intensity of sunlight scattered back from a specific Earth–atmosphere scene. ADMs are, thus, critical when converting satellite-borne broadband radiometry into estimated radiative fluxes. This paper applies a set of newly developed ADMs with a more refined scene definition and demonstrates tenable changes in estimated fluxes compared to currently operational ADMs. Newly developed ADMs use a semiphysical framework to consider cloud-top effective radius ( R ¯ e ) and above-cloud water vapor (ACWV), in addition to accounting for surface wind speed and clouds’ phase, fraction, and optical depth. In effect, instantaneous TOA SW fluxes for marine liquid-phase clouds had the largest flux differences (of up to 25 W m−2) for lower solar zenith angles and cloud optical depth greater than 10 due to extremes in R ¯ e or ACWV. In regions where clouds had persistently extreme levels of R ¯ e (here mostly for R ¯ e < 7   μ m and R ¯ e > 15   μ m ) or ACWV, instantaneous fluxes estimated from Aqua, Terra, Meteosat-8, and Meteosat-9 satellites using the two ADMs differed systematically, resulting in significant deviations in daily mean fluxes (up to ±10 W m−2) and monthly mean fluxes (up to ±5 W m−2). Flux estimates using newly developed, semiphysical ADMs may contribute to a better understanding of solar fluxes over low-level clouds. It remains to be seen whether aerosol indirect effects are impacted by these updates.

© 2021 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Florian Tornow, florian.tornow@nasa.gov

Abstract

Top-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave (SW) angular distribution models (ADMs) approximate—per angular direction of an imagined upward hemisphere—the intensity of sunlight scattered back from a specific Earth–atmosphere scene. ADMs are, thus, critical when converting satellite-borne broadband radiometry into estimated radiative fluxes. This paper applies a set of newly developed ADMs with a more refined scene definition and demonstrates tenable changes in estimated fluxes compared to currently operational ADMs. Newly developed ADMs use a semiphysical framework to consider cloud-top effective radius ( R ¯ e ) and above-cloud water vapor (ACWV), in addition to accounting for surface wind speed and clouds’ phase, fraction, and optical depth. In effect, instantaneous TOA SW fluxes for marine liquid-phase clouds had the largest flux differences (of up to 25 W m−2) for lower solar zenith angles and cloud optical depth greater than 10 due to extremes in R ¯ e or ACWV. In regions where clouds had persistently extreme levels of R ¯ e (here mostly for R ¯ e < 7   μ m and R ¯ e > 15   μ m ) or ACWV, instantaneous fluxes estimated from Aqua, Terra, Meteosat-8, and Meteosat-9 satellites using the two ADMs differed systematically, resulting in significant deviations in daily mean fluxes (up to ±10 W m−2) and monthly mean fluxes (up to ±5 W m−2). Flux estimates using newly developed, semiphysical ADMs may contribute to a better understanding of solar fluxes over low-level clouds. It remains to be seen whether aerosol indirect effects are impacted by these updates.

© 2021 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Florian Tornow, florian.tornow@nasa.gov
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