Abstract
The structure and composition of three basic cirrus cloud types are examined through coordinated aircraft and ground-based polarization lidar and radar measurements. The cloud systems consist of a multilayered orographic cirrus, a 6-km deep cirrostratus, and a group of fibrous cirrus bands at the tropopause. The data reveal the presence of mesoscale generating regions with horizontal dimensions ranging from ∼15 km in narrow cloud bands up to ∼100 km in cirrostratus. These generating regions appear to be composed of complexes of much smaller convective structures, presumably on the ∼1-km scale of cirrus uncinus cells, and so are termed Mesoscale Uncinus Complexes (MUC). Accumulations of ice particles within cirrus, commonly referred to as precipitation trails, are associated with generating regions at or near cloud tops, but are also created by the local production of ice crystals within embedded convective impulses. Supercooled cloud droplets large enough to be detected by aircraft probes (≳5 μm diameter) were sampled in embedded convective cells near cloud base at temperatures ranging from −21° to −36°C. Ice particle nucleation at colder temperatures is assumed to involve the homogeneous freezing of haze particles too small to be detected by the aircraft probes employed, although they appear to have been detected by the polarization lidar technique under some conditions. Average ice mass contents are temperature dependent in a manner consistent with the conversion of a relatively small amount of excess water vapor (corresponding to ice supersaturations of a few percent) to ice mass.
