Abstract
The stochastic mixing model of cumulus clouds is extended to the case in which ice and precipitation form. A simple cloud microphysical model is adopted in which ice crystals and aggregates are carried along with the updraft, whereas raindrops, graupel, and hail are assumed to immediately fall out. The model is then applied to the 2 August 1984 case study of convection over the Magdalena Mountains of central New Mexico, with excellent results. The formation of ice and precipitation can explain the transition of this system from a cumulus congestus cloud to a thunderstorm.
