Abstract
The evolution of synoptic-scale dynamics associated with a middle and upper tropospheric cloud event that occurred on 26 November 1991 is examined. The case under consideration occurred during the FIRE Cirrus-II Intensive Field Observing Period held in Coffeyville, Kansas, during November–December 1991. Using data from the wind profiler demonstration network and a temporarlly and spatially augmented radiosonde array, emphasis is given to explaining the evolution of the kinematically derived ageostrophic vertical circulations and correlating the circulation with the forcing of an extensively sampled cloud field. This is facilitated by decomposing the horizontal divergence into its component parts through a natural coordinate representation of the flow. Ageostrophic vertical circulations are inferred and compared to the circulation forcing arising from geostrophic confluence and shearing deformation derived from the Sawyer–Eliassen equation. It is found that a thermodynamically indirect vertical circulation existed in association with a jet streak exit region. The circulation was displaced to the cyclonic side of the jet axis due to the orientation of the jet exit between a deepening diffluent trough and a building ridge. The cloud line formed in the ascending branch of the vertical circulation, with the most concentrated cloud development occurring in conjunction with the maximum large-scale vertical motion. The relationship between the large-scale dynamics and the parameterization of middle and upper tropospheric clouds in large-scale models is discussed, and an example of ice water contents derived from a parameterization forced by the diagnosed vertical motions and observed water vapor contents is presented.
