Abstract
Corresponding author address: Dr. F. Martin Ralph, NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303.
Email: mralph@etl.noaa.gov
Balsley, B. B., and D. A. Carter, 1989: Mountain waves in the tropical Pacific atmosphere: A comparison of vertical wind fluctuations over Pohnpei and Christmas Island using VHF wind profilers. J. Atmos. Sci.,46, 2698–2715.
Battan, L. J., 1973: Radar Observation of the Atmosphere. University of Chicago Press, 324 pp.
Browning, G. L., and H.-O. Kreiss, 1997: The role of gravity waves in slowly varying in time mesoscale motions. J. Atmos. Sci.,54, 1166–1184.
——, ——, and D. W. van de Kamp, 2000: Comments on “Observations of a mesoscale ducted gravity wave.” J. Atmos. Sci.,57, 595–598.
Caccia, J.-L., B. Benech, and V. Klaus, 1997a: Space–time description of nonstationary trapped lee waves using ST radars, aircraft, and constant volume balloons during the PYREX experiment. J. Atmos. Sci.,54, 1821–1833.
——, M. Crochet, and K. Saada, 1997b: ST radar evaluation of the standard deviation of the air vertical velocity perturbed by local orography. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys.,59, 1127–1131.
Crochet, M., F. Cuq, F. M. Ralph, and S. V. Venkateswaran, 1990: Clear-air radar observations of the great October storm of 1987. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans,14, 443–461.
Cruette, D., 1976: Experimental study of mountain lee-waves by means of satellite photographs and aircraft measurements. Tellus,28, 499–523.
DeMaria, M., J. M. Davis, and D. M. Wojtak, 1989: Observations of mesoscale wave disturbances during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev.,117, 826–842.
Ecklund, W. L., K. S. Gage, B. B. Balsley, R. G. Strauch, and J. L. Green, 1982: Vertical wind variability observed by VHF radar in the lee of the Colorado Rockies. Mon. Wea. Rev.,110, 1451–1457.
Ferrat, S., and M. Crochet, 1994: Methods of detection and estimation errors in ST radar studies. Ann. Geophys.,12, 489–496.
Foldvik, A., 1962: Two-dimensional mountain waves—A method for the rapid computation of lee wavelengths and vertical velocities. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,88, 271–285.
Fukao, S., T. Sato, P. T. May, T. Tsuda, S. Kato, M. Inaba, and I. Kimura, 1988: A systematic error in MST/ST radar wind measurement induced by a finite range volume effect. 1. Observational results. Radio Sci.,23, 59–73.
Gage, K. S., 1990: Radar observations of the free atmosphere: Structure and dynamics. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 534–565.
Gossard, E. E., 1988: Measuring drop-size distributions in clouds with a clear-air sensing Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,5, 640–649.
——, 1990: Radar research on the atmospheric boundary layer. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 477–527.
——, R. G. Strauch, and R. R. Rogers, 1990: Evolution of drop-size distributions in liquid precipitation observed by ground-based Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,7, 815–828.
Heymsfield, G. M., 1979: Doppler radar study of a warm frontal region. J. Atmos. Sci.,36, 2093–2107.
Huaman, M. M., and B. B. Balsley, 1996: Long-term average vertical motions observed by VHF wind profilers: The effect of slight antenna-pointing inaccuracies. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,13, 560–569.
Jameson, A. R., and D. B. Johnson, 1990: Cloud microphysics and radar. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 323–340.
Jin, Y., S. E. Koch, Y.-L. Lin, F. M. Ralph, and C. Chen, 1996: Numerical simulations of an observed gravity current and gravity waves in an environment characterized by complex stratification and shear. J. Atmos. Sci.,53, 3570–3588.
Larsen, M. F., and J. Röttger, 1991: VHF radar measurements of in-beam incidence angles and associated vertical-beam radial velocity corrections. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,8, 477–490.
Lindzen, R. S., and K. K. Tung, 1976: Banded convective activity and ducted gravity waves. Mon. Wea. Rev.,104, 1602–1617.
May, P. T., and D. K. Rajopadhyaya, 1996: Wind profiler observations of vertical motion and precipitation microphysics of a tropical squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev.,124, 621–633.
McAfee, J. R., K. S. Gage, and R. G. Strauch, 1994: Examples of vertical velocity comparison from collocated VHF and UHF profilers. Radio Sci.,29, 879–880.
——, ——, and ——, 1995: Vertical velocities at Platteville, Colorado: An intercomparison of simultaneous measurements by the VHF and UHF profilers. Radio Sci.,34, 1027–1042.
Monserrat, S., and A. J. Thorpe, 1996: Use of ducting theory in an observed case of gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci.,53, 1724–1736.
Nastrom, G. D., and D. C. Fritts, 1992: Sources of mesoscale variability of gravity waves. Part I: Topographic excitation. J. Atmos. Sci.,49, 101–110.
——, and T. E. VanZandt, 1994: Mean vertical motions seen by radar wind profilers. J. Appl. Meteor.,33, 984–995.
——, K. S. Gage, and W. L. Ecklund, 1990: Uncertainties in estimates of mean vertical velocity from MST radar observations. Radio Sci.,25, 933–940.
Orlanski, I., 1975: A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,56, 527–530.
Palmer, R. D., M. F. Larsen, R. F. Woodman, S. Fukao, M. Yamamoto, T. Tsuda, and S. Kato, 1991: VHF radar interferometry measurements of vertical velocity and the effect of tilted reflectivity surfaces on standard Doppler measurements. Radio Sci.,26, 417–427.
Pecnick, M. J., and J. A. Young, 1984: Mechanics of a strong subsynoptic gravity wave deduced from satellite and surface observations. J. Atmos. Sci.,41, 1850–1862.
Prichard, I. T., L. Thomas, and R. M. Worthington, 1995: The characteristics of mountain waves observed by radar near the west coast of Wales. Ann. Geophys.,13, 757–767.
Ralph, F. M., 1995: Using radar-measured radial vertical velocities to distinguish precipitation scattering from clear-air scattering. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,12, 257–267.
——, 1997: Comments on “Use of ducting theory in an observed case of gravity waves.” J. Atmos. Sci.,54, 2237–2239.
——, M. Crochet, and S. V. Venkateswaran, 1992: A study of mountain lee waves using clear-air radar. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,118, 597–627.
——, ——, and ——, 1993a: Observations of a mesoscale ducted gravity wave. J. Atmos. Sci.,50, 3277–3291.
——, C. Mazaudier, M. Crochet, and S. V. Venkateswaran, 1993b: Doppler sodar and radar wind-profiler observations of gravity-wave activity associated with a gravity current. Mon. Wea. Rev.,121, 444–463.
——, P. J. Neiman, D. W. van de Kamp, and D. C. Law, 1995: Using spectral moment data from NOAA’s 404-MHz radar wind profilers to observe precipitation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,76, 1717–1739.
——, ——, T. L. Keller, D. Levinson, and L. Fedor, 1997: Observations, simulations, and analysis of nonstationary trapped lee waves. J. Atmos. Sci.,54, 1308–1333.
Rogers, R. R., I. I. Zawadzki, and E. E. Gossard, 1991: Variation with altitude of the drop-size distribution in steady light rain. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,117, 1341–1369.
Röttger, J., and M. F. Larsen, 1990: UHF/VHF radar techniques for atmospheric research and wind profiler applications. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 235–281.
Sato, K., 1990: Vertical wind disturbances in the troposphere and lower stratosphere observed by the MU radar. J. Atmos. Sci.,47, 2803–2817.
Strauch, R. G., B. L. Weber, A. S. Frisch, C. G. Little, D. A. Merritt, K. P. Moran, and D. C. Welsh, 1987: The precision and relative accuracy of profiler wind measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,4, 563–571.
Vergeiner, I., and D. K. Lilly, 1970: The dynamic structure of lee wave flow as obtained from balloon and airplane observations. Mon. Wea. Rev.,98, 220–232.
Wakasugi, K., A. Mizutani, M. Matsuo, S. Fukao, and S. Kato, 1986:A direct method for deriving drop-size distribution and vertical air velocities from VHF Doppler radar spectra. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,3, 623–629.
Worthington, R. M., and L. Thomas, 1996: Radar measurements of critical layer absorption in mountain waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,122, 1263–1282.
Wuertz, D. B., B. L. Weber, R. G. Strauch, A. S. Frisch, C. G. Little, D. A. Merritt, K. P. Moran, and D. C. Welsh, 1988: Effects of precipitation on UHF wind profiler measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,5, 450–465.
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Corresponding author address: Dr. F. Martin Ralph, NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303.
Email: mralph@etl.noaa.gov
Corresponding author address: Dr. F. Martin Ralph, NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303.
Email: mralph@etl.noaa.gov
Balsley, B. B., and D. A. Carter, 1989: Mountain waves in the tropical Pacific atmosphere: A comparison of vertical wind fluctuations over Pohnpei and Christmas Island using VHF wind profilers. J. Atmos. Sci.,46, 2698–2715.
Battan, L. J., 1973: Radar Observation of the Atmosphere. University of Chicago Press, 324 pp.
Browning, G. L., and H.-O. Kreiss, 1997: The role of gravity waves in slowly varying in time mesoscale motions. J. Atmos. Sci.,54, 1166–1184.
——, ——, and D. W. van de Kamp, 2000: Comments on “Observations of a mesoscale ducted gravity wave.” J. Atmos. Sci.,57, 595–598.
Caccia, J.-L., B. Benech, and V. Klaus, 1997a: Space–time description of nonstationary trapped lee waves using ST radars, aircraft, and constant volume balloons during the PYREX experiment. J. Atmos. Sci.,54, 1821–1833.
——, M. Crochet, and K. Saada, 1997b: ST radar evaluation of the standard deviation of the air vertical velocity perturbed by local orography. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys.,59, 1127–1131.
Crochet, M., F. Cuq, F. M. Ralph, and S. V. Venkateswaran, 1990: Clear-air radar observations of the great October storm of 1987. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans,14, 443–461.
Cruette, D., 1976: Experimental study of mountain lee-waves by means of satellite photographs and aircraft measurements. Tellus,28, 499–523.
DeMaria, M., J. M. Davis, and D. M. Wojtak, 1989: Observations of mesoscale wave disturbances during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev.,117, 826–842.
Ecklund, W. L., K. S. Gage, B. B. Balsley, R. G. Strauch, and J. L. Green, 1982: Vertical wind variability observed by VHF radar in the lee of the Colorado Rockies. Mon. Wea. Rev.,110, 1451–1457.
Ferrat, S., and M. Crochet, 1994: Methods of detection and estimation errors in ST radar studies. Ann. Geophys.,12, 489–496.
Foldvik, A., 1962: Two-dimensional mountain waves—A method for the rapid computation of lee wavelengths and vertical velocities. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,88, 271–285.
Fukao, S., T. Sato, P. T. May, T. Tsuda, S. Kato, M. Inaba, and I. Kimura, 1988: A systematic error in MST/ST radar wind measurement induced by a finite range volume effect. 1. Observational results. Radio Sci.,23, 59–73.
Gage, K. S., 1990: Radar observations of the free atmosphere: Structure and dynamics. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 534–565.
Gossard, E. E., 1988: Measuring drop-size distributions in clouds with a clear-air sensing Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,5, 640–649.
——, 1990: Radar research on the atmospheric boundary layer. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 477–527.
——, R. G. Strauch, and R. R. Rogers, 1990: Evolution of drop-size distributions in liquid precipitation observed by ground-based Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,7, 815–828.
Heymsfield, G. M., 1979: Doppler radar study of a warm frontal region. J. Atmos. Sci.,36, 2093–2107.
Huaman, M. M., and B. B. Balsley, 1996: Long-term average vertical motions observed by VHF wind profilers: The effect of slight antenna-pointing inaccuracies. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,13, 560–569.
Jameson, A. R., and D. B. Johnson, 1990: Cloud microphysics and radar. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 323–340.
Jin, Y., S. E. Koch, Y.-L. Lin, F. M. Ralph, and C. Chen, 1996: Numerical simulations of an observed gravity current and gravity waves in an environment characterized by complex stratification and shear. J. Atmos. Sci.,53, 3570–3588.
Larsen, M. F., and J. Röttger, 1991: VHF radar measurements of in-beam incidence angles and associated vertical-beam radial velocity corrections. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,8, 477–490.
Lindzen, R. S., and K. K. Tung, 1976: Banded convective activity and ducted gravity waves. Mon. Wea. Rev.,104, 1602–1617.
May, P. T., and D. K. Rajopadhyaya, 1996: Wind profiler observations of vertical motion and precipitation microphysics of a tropical squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev.,124, 621–633.
McAfee, J. R., K. S. Gage, and R. G. Strauch, 1994: Examples of vertical velocity comparison from collocated VHF and UHF profilers. Radio Sci.,29, 879–880.
——, ——, and ——, 1995: Vertical velocities at Platteville, Colorado: An intercomparison of simultaneous measurements by the VHF and UHF profilers. Radio Sci.,34, 1027–1042.
Monserrat, S., and A. J. Thorpe, 1996: Use of ducting theory in an observed case of gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci.,53, 1724–1736.
Nastrom, G. D., and D. C. Fritts, 1992: Sources of mesoscale variability of gravity waves. Part I: Topographic excitation. J. Atmos. Sci.,49, 101–110.
——, and T. E. VanZandt, 1994: Mean vertical motions seen by radar wind profilers. J. Appl. Meteor.,33, 984–995.
——, K. S. Gage, and W. L. Ecklund, 1990: Uncertainties in estimates of mean vertical velocity from MST radar observations. Radio Sci.,25, 933–940.
Orlanski, I., 1975: A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,56, 527–530.
Palmer, R. D., M. F. Larsen, R. F. Woodman, S. Fukao, M. Yamamoto, T. Tsuda, and S. Kato, 1991: VHF radar interferometry measurements of vertical velocity and the effect of tilted reflectivity surfaces on standard Doppler measurements. Radio Sci.,26, 417–427.
Pecnick, M. J., and J. A. Young, 1984: Mechanics of a strong subsynoptic gravity wave deduced from satellite and surface observations. J. Atmos. Sci.,41, 1850–1862.
Prichard, I. T., L. Thomas, and R. M. Worthington, 1995: The characteristics of mountain waves observed by radar near the west coast of Wales. Ann. Geophys.,13, 757–767.
Ralph, F. M., 1995: Using radar-measured radial vertical velocities to distinguish precipitation scattering from clear-air scattering. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,12, 257–267.
——, 1997: Comments on “Use of ducting theory in an observed case of gravity waves.” J. Atmos. Sci.,54, 2237–2239.
——, M. Crochet, and S. V. Venkateswaran, 1992: A study of mountain lee waves using clear-air radar. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,118, 597–627.
——, ——, and ——, 1993a: Observations of a mesoscale ducted gravity wave. J. Atmos. Sci.,50, 3277–3291.
——, C. Mazaudier, M. Crochet, and S. V. Venkateswaran, 1993b: Doppler sodar and radar wind-profiler observations of gravity-wave activity associated with a gravity current. Mon. Wea. Rev.,121, 444–463.
——, P. J. Neiman, D. W. van de Kamp, and D. C. Law, 1995: Using spectral moment data from NOAA’s 404-MHz radar wind profilers to observe precipitation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,76, 1717–1739.
——, ——, T. L. Keller, D. Levinson, and L. Fedor, 1997: Observations, simulations, and analysis of nonstationary trapped lee waves. J. Atmos. Sci.,54, 1308–1333.
Rogers, R. R., I. I. Zawadzki, and E. E. Gossard, 1991: Variation with altitude of the drop-size distribution in steady light rain. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,117, 1341–1369.
Röttger, J., and M. F. Larsen, 1990: UHF/VHF radar techniques for atmospheric research and wind profiler applications. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 235–281.
Sato, K., 1990: Vertical wind disturbances in the troposphere and lower stratosphere observed by the MU radar. J. Atmos. Sci.,47, 2803–2817.
Strauch, R. G., B. L. Weber, A. S. Frisch, C. G. Little, D. A. Merritt, K. P. Moran, and D. C. Welsh, 1987: The precision and relative accuracy of profiler wind measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,4, 563–571.
Vergeiner, I., and D. K. Lilly, 1970: The dynamic structure of lee wave flow as obtained from balloon and airplane observations. Mon. Wea. Rev.,98, 220–232.
Wakasugi, K., A. Mizutani, M. Matsuo, S. Fukao, and S. Kato, 1986:A direct method for deriving drop-size distribution and vertical air velocities from VHF Doppler radar spectra. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,3, 623–629.
Worthington, R. M., and L. Thomas, 1996: Radar measurements of critical layer absorption in mountain waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,122, 1263–1282.
Wuertz, D. B., B. L. Weber, R. G. Strauch, A. S. Frisch, C. G. Little, D. A. Merritt, K. P. Moran, and D. C. Welsh, 1988: Effects of precipitation on UHF wind profiler measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,5, 450–465.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Full Text Views | 2390 | 2126 | 94 |
PDF Downloads | 59 | 28 | 0 |