Toward a Unified Parameterization of the Boundary Layer and Moist Convection. Part II: Lateral Mass Exchanges and Subplume-Scale Fluxes

Cara-Lyn Lappen Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

Search for other papers by Cara-Lyn Lappen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
and
David A. Randall Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

Search for other papers by David A. Randall in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Abstract

The dissipation parameterizations developed for higher-order closure are used to parameterize lateral entrainment and detrainment in a mass-flux model. In addition, a subplume-scale turbulence scheme is included to represent fluxes not captured in the conventional mass-flux framework. These new parameterizations are tested by simulating trade wind cumulus from the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX).

Corresponding author address: Dr. Cara-Lyn Lappen, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. Email: lappen@atmos.colostate.edu

Abstract

The dissipation parameterizations developed for higher-order closure are used to parameterize lateral entrainment and detrainment in a mass-flux model. In addition, a subplume-scale turbulence scheme is included to represent fluxes not captured in the conventional mass-flux framework. These new parameterizations are tested by simulating trade wind cumulus from the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX).

Corresponding author address: Dr. Cara-Lyn Lappen, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. Email: lappen@atmos.colostate.edu

Save
  • André, J. C., G. DeMoor, P. Lacarrere, and R. Du Vachat, 1976: Turbulence approximation for inhomogeneous flows. Part II: The numerical simulation of a penetrative convection experiment. J. Atmos. Sci, 33 , 482–491.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • André, J. C., G. DeMoor, P. Lacarrere, G. Therry, and R. Du Vachat, 1978: Modeling the 24-hour evolution of the mean and turbulent structures of the planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci, 35 , 1861–1883.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: The interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci, 31 , 674–701.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Batchelor, G. K., 1954: Heat convection and buoyancy effects in fluids. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 80 , 339–358.

  • Bechtold, P., J. W. M. Cuijpers, P. Mascart, and P. Trouilhet, 1995: Modeling of trade wind cumuli with a low-order turbulence model: Toward a unified description of Cu and Sc clouds in meteorological models. J. Atmos. Sci, 52 , 455–463.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Beljaars, A. C. M., J. L. Walmsley, and P. A. Taylor, 1987: Modeling of turbulence over low hills and varying surface roughness. Bound.-Layer Meteor, 41 , 203–215.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Blackadar, A. K., 1962: The vertical distribution of wind and turbulent exchange in neutral atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res, 67 , 3095–3102.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bougeault, P., 1981: Modeling the trade wind cumulus boundary layer. Part II: High-order one-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci, 38 , 2414–2428.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bougeault, P., and J. C. André, 1986: On the stability of the third-order turbulence closure for the modeling of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci, 43 , 1574–1581.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Browning, K. A., 1994: Survey of perceived priority issues in the parameterizations of cloud-related processes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 120 , 483–487.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bretherton, C. S., and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1989: Gravity waves, compensating subsidence, and detrainment around cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci, 46 , 740–759.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Businger, J. A., and S. P. Oncley, 1990: Flux measurements with conditional sampling. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol, 7 , 349–352.

  • Canuto, V. M., 1992: Turbulent convection with overshooting: Reynolds stress approach. Astrophys. J, 392 , 218–232.

  • Canuto, V. M., F. Minotti, C. Ronchi, R. M. Ypma, and O. Zeman, 1994: Second-order closure PBL model with new third-order moments: Comparison with LES data. J. Atmos. Sci, 51 , 1605–1618.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cuijpers, J. W. M., and P. G. Duynkerke, 1993: Large eddy simulation of trade wind cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci, 50 , 3894–3908.

  • Deardorff, J. W., 1972: Numerical investigation of neutral and unstable planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci, 29 , 91–115.

  • Deardorff, J. W., 1980: Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model. Bound.-Layer Meteor, 18 , 495–527.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • de Laat, A. T. J., and P. G. Duynkerke, 1998: Analysis of ASTEX-stratocumulus observational data using mass-flux approach. Bound.-Layer Meteor, 86 , 63–87.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • de Roode, S. R., P. G. Duynkerke, and A. P. Siebesma, 2000: Analogies between mass-flux and Reynolds-averaged equations. J. Atmos. Sci, 57 , 1585–1598.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Detering, H. W., and D. Etling, 1985: Application of the E–ε turbulence model to the atmospheric boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor, 33 , 113–133.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Emanuel, K., 1991: A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models. J. Atmos. Sci, 48 , 2313–2335.

  • Esbensen, S., 1978: Bulk thermodynamic effects and properties of small tropical cumuli. J. Atmos. Sci, 35 , 826–837.

  • Gregory, D., and P. R. Rowntree, 1990: A mass-flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability-dependent closure. Mon. Wea. Rev, 118 , 1483–1506.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Heymsfield, A. J., P. N. Johnson, and J. E. Dye, 1978: Observations of moist adiabatic ascent in northeast Colorado cumulus congestus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci, 35 , 1689–1703.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1990: A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci, 47 , 2784–2802.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kolmogorov, A. N., 1942: Equations of turbulent motion of an incompressible fluid. Izv. AN SSSR, Ser. fiz, 6 , 56–58.

  • Langland, R. H., and C-S. Liou, 1996: Implementation of an E–ε parameterization of vertical subgrid-scale mixing in a regional model. Mon. Wea. Rev, 124 , 905–918.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lappen, C-L., 1999: The unification of mass flux and higher-order closure in the simulation of boundary layer turbulence. Ph.D. thesis, Colorado State University, 330 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lappen, C-L., and D. A. Randall, 2001a: Toward a unified parameterization of the boundary layer and moist convection. Part I: A new type of mass flux model. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2021–2036.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lappen, C-L., and D. A. Randall, 2001b: Toward a unified parameterization of the boundary layer and moist convection. Part III: Simulations of clear and cloudy convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2052–2072.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lin, C., and A. Arakawa, 1997: The macroscopic entrainment processes of simulated cumulus ensemble. Part II: Testing the entraining plume model. J. Atmos. Sci, 54 , 1044–1053.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Moeng, C-H., 1984: A large-eddy-simulation for the study of planetary boundary-layer turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci, 41 , 2052–2062.

  • Morton, B. R., 1957: Buoyant plumes in a moist atmosphere. J. Fluid Mech, 2 , 127–144.

  • Petersen, A. C., C. Beets, H. van Dop, and P. G. Duynkerke, 1999: Mass-flux characteristics of reactive scalars in the convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci, 56 , 37–56.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Randall, D. A., 1987: Turbulent fluxes of liquid water and buoyancy in partly cloudy layers. J. Atmos. Sci, 44 , 850–858.

  • Randall, D. A., and G. J. Huffman, 1982: Entrainment and detrainment in a simple cumulus cloud model. J. Atmos. Sci, 39 , 2793–2806.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Raymond, D. J., 1979: A two-scale model of moist, non-precipitating convection. J. Atmos. Sci, 36 , 816–831.

  • Raymond, D. J., and M. Wilkening, 1982: Flow and mixing in New Mexico mountain cumuli. J. Atmos. Sci, 39 , 2211–2228.

  • Raymond, D. J., and A. M. Blyth, 1986: A stochastic mixing model for nonprecipitating cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci, 43 , 2708–2718.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schumann, U., and C-H. Moeng, 1991: Plume fluxes in clear and cloudy convective boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci, 48 , 1746–1757.

  • Scorer, R. S., 1957: Experiments on convective isolated masses of buoyant fluid. J. Fluid Mech, 2 , 583–594.

  • Siebesma, A. P., and J. W. M. Cuijpers, 1995: Evaluation of parametric assumptions for shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci, 52 , 650–666.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Siebesma, A. P., and A. A. M. Holtslag, 1996: Model impacts of entrainment and detrainment rates in shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci, 53 , 2354–2364.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Simpson, J., 1971: On cumulus entrainment and one-dimensional models. J. Atmos. Sci, 28 , 449–455.

  • Simpson, J., and V. Wiggert, 1969: Models of precipitating cumulus towers. Mon. Wea. Rev, 97 , 471–489.

  • Simpson, J., R. H. Simpson, D. A. Andrews, and M. A. Eaton, 1965: Experimental cumulus dynamics. Rev. Geophys, 3 , 387–431.

  • Squires, P., 1958: Penetrative downdraughts in cumuli. Tellus, 10 , 381–389.

  • Squires, P., and J. S. Turner, 1962: An entraining jet model for cumulonimbus updraughts. Tellus, 4 , 422–434.

  • Stevens, B., R. L. Walko, W. R. Cotton, and G. Feingold, 1996: Elements of the microphysical structure of numerically simulated nonprecipitating stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci, 53 , 980–1007.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stommel, H., 1947: Entrainment of air into a cumulus cloud. J. Meteor, 4 , 91–94.

  • Stull, R. B., 1988: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic, 666 pp.

  • Taylor, G. R., and M. B. Baker, 1991: Entrainment and detrainment in cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci, 48 , 112–121.

  • Telford, J. W., 1975: Turbulence, entrainment, and mixing in cloud dynamics. Pure Appl. Geophys, 113 , 1067–1084.

  • Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass-flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev, 117 , 1779–1800.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Turner, J. S., 1973: Boundary Effects in Fluids. Cambridge University Press, 337 pp.

  • Wang, S., and B. Albrecht, 1986: Stratocumulus model with an internal circulation. J. Atmos. Sci, 43 , 2374–2391.

  • Wang, S., and B. Stevens, 2000: Top-hat representation of turbulence statistics in cloud-topped boundary layers: A large eddy simulation study. J. Atmos. Sci, 57 , 423–441.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Warner, J., 1970: On steady-state one-dimensional models of cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci, 27 , 1035–1040.

  • Willis, G. E., and J. W. Deardorff, 1974: Laboratory model of the unstable planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci, 31 , 1297–1307.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wyngaard, J. C., and C-H. Moeng, 1992: Parameterizing turbulent diffusion through the joint probability density. Bound.-Layer Meteor, 60 , 1–13.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yamada, T., and G. L. Mellor, 1979: Numerical simulation of BOMEX data using a turbulence closure model coupled with ensemble cloud relations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 105 , 915–944.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Young, G. S., 1988: Turbulence structure of the convective boundary layer. Part I: Variability of normalized turbulence statistics. J. Atmos. Sci, 45 , 719–726.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 1454 1098 288
PDF Downloads 342 154 11