Abstract
Breakup of the polar stratospheric vortex in the Northern Hemisphere is an event that is known to be predictable for up to a week or so ahead. This is illustrated using data from the 45-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) for the sudden warmings of January 1958 and February 1979 and operational ECMWF data for February 2003. It is then shown that a similar level of skill was achieved in operational forecasts for the split of the southern stratospheric vortex in late September 2002. The highly unusual flow conditions nevertheless exposed a computational instability of the forecast model. Analyses and forecasts from reruns using improved versions of the forecasting system are presented. Isentropic maps of potential vorticity and specific humidity provide striking pictures of the advective processes at work. Forecasts as well as analyses are shown to be in good agreement with radiosonde measurements of the temperature changes associated with vortex movement, distortion, and breakup during August and September. Forecasts from 17 September onward capture the remarkable temperature rise of about 60°C recorded at 20 hPa by the Halley radiosonde station as the vortex split. Objective forecast verification and data denial experiments are used to characterize the performance of the observing and data assimilation systems and to infer overall forecast, analysis, and observation accuracy. The observations and analyses from 1957 onward in the ERA-40 archive confirm the extreme nature of the 2002 event. Secondary vortex development by barotropic instability is also discussed; in analyses for early October 2002, the process is active in the breakup of the weaker of the two vortices formed by the late-September split.
Corresponding author address: Dr. Adrian Simmons, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading RG2 9AX, United Kingdom. Email: adrian.simmons@ecmwf.int
