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Vertical Velocity and Microphysical Distributions Related to Rapid Intensification in a Simulation of Hurricane Dennis (2005)

Greg M. McFarquhar Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

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Brian F. Jewett Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

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Matthew S. Gilmore Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota

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Stephen W. Nesbitt Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

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Tsung-Lin Hsieh Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

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Print Publication:
01 Dec 2012
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-016.1
Page(s):
3515–3534
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Abstract

A 1-km Weather Research and Forecasting model simulation of Hurricane Dennis was used to identify precursors in vertical velocity and latent heating distributions to rapid intensification (RI). Although the observed structure qualitatively replicated data obtained during P-3 and Earth Resources-2 (ER-2) flights, the simulated reflectivity was overestimated. During the 6 h preceding RI, defined as 0000 UTC 8 July 2005 close to the time of simulated maximum central pressure deepening, the asymmetric convection transformed into an eyewall with the maximum 10-m wind speed increasing by 16 m s−1.

Contour by frequency altitude diagrams showed unique changes in the breadth of simulated vertical velocity (w) distributions before and after RI. Outliers of w distributions at 14 km preceded RI onset, whereas the increase in w outliers at 6 km lagged it. Prior to RI there was an increase in the upward flux of hydrometeors between 10 and 15 km, with increased contributions from w > 6 m s−1. Increases in lower-level updraft airmass fluxes did not lead RI, but the 14-km positive w outliers were better indicators of RI onset than positive w averages. The area of convective bursts did not strongly increase before RI, but it continually increased after RI. Latent heating was dominated by contributions from w < 2 m s−1, meaning increases in positive w outliers before RI did not cause the increase in latent heating seen during RI. The location of convective bursts and outliers of positive and negative w distributions contracted toward the eye as the simulated Dennis intensified.

Corresponding author address: Greg McFarquhar, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 105 S. Gregory Street, MC 223, Urbana, IL 61801. E-mail: mcfarq@atmos.uiuc.edu

Abstract

A 1-km Weather Research and Forecasting model simulation of Hurricane Dennis was used to identify precursors in vertical velocity and latent heating distributions to rapid intensification (RI). Although the observed structure qualitatively replicated data obtained during P-3 and Earth Resources-2 (ER-2) flights, the simulated reflectivity was overestimated. During the 6 h preceding RI, defined as 0000 UTC 8 July 2005 close to the time of simulated maximum central pressure deepening, the asymmetric convection transformed into an eyewall with the maximum 10-m wind speed increasing by 16 m s−1.

Contour by frequency altitude diagrams showed unique changes in the breadth of simulated vertical velocity (w) distributions before and after RI. Outliers of w distributions at 14 km preceded RI onset, whereas the increase in w outliers at 6 km lagged it. Prior to RI there was an increase in the upward flux of hydrometeors between 10 and 15 km, with increased contributions from w > 6 m s−1. Increases in lower-level updraft airmass fluxes did not lead RI, but the 14-km positive w outliers were better indicators of RI onset than positive w averages. The area of convective bursts did not strongly increase before RI, but it continually increased after RI. Latent heating was dominated by contributions from w < 2 m s−1, meaning increases in positive w outliers before RI did not cause the increase in latent heating seen during RI. The location of convective bursts and outliers of positive and negative w distributions contracted toward the eye as the simulated Dennis intensified.

Corresponding author address: Greg McFarquhar, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 105 S. Gregory Street, MC 223, Urbana, IL 61801. E-mail: mcfarq@atmos.uiuc.edu
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