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Article Type:
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A New Drag Relation for Aerodynamically Rough Flow over the Ocean

Edgar L Andreas NorthWest Research Associates, Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire

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Larry Mahrt NorthWest Research Associates, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon

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Dean Vickers College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

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Print Publication:
01 Aug 2012
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-0312.1
Page(s):
2520–2537
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Abstract

From almost 7000 near-surface eddy-covariance flux measurements over the sea, the authors deduce a new air–sea drag relation for aerodynamically rough flow:
eq1
Here u* is the measured friction velocity, and UN10 is the neutral-stability wind speed at a reference height of 10 m. This relation is fitted to UN10 values between 9 and 24 m s−1. A drag relation formulated as u* versus UN10 has several advantages over one formulated in terms of . First, the multiplicative coefficient on UN10 has smaller experimental uncertainty than do determinations of CDN10. Second, scatterplots of u* versus UN10 are not ill posed when UN10 is small, as plots of CDN10 are; u*–UN10 plots presented here suggest aerodynamically smooth scaling for small UN10. Third, this relation depends only weakly on Monin–Obukhov similarity theory and, consequently, reduces the confounding effects of artificial correlation. Finally, with its negative intercept, the linear relation produces a CDN10 function that naturally rolls off at high wind speed and asymptotically approaches a constant value of 3.40 × 10−3. Hurricane modelers and the air–sea interaction community have been trying to rationalize such behavior in the drag coefficient for at least 15 years. This paper suggests that this rolloff in CDN10 results simply from known processes that influence wind–wave coupling.

Corresponding author address: Dr. Edgar L Andreas, NorthWest Research Associates, Inc., 25 Eagle Ridge, Lebanon, NH 03766-1900. E-mail: eandreas@nwra.com

Abstract

From almost 7000 near-surface eddy-covariance flux measurements over the sea, the authors deduce a new air–sea drag relation for aerodynamically rough flow:
eq1
Here u* is the measured friction velocity, and UN10 is the neutral-stability wind speed at a reference height of 10 m. This relation is fitted to UN10 values between 9 and 24 m s−1. A drag relation formulated as u* versus UN10 has several advantages over one formulated in terms of . First, the multiplicative coefficient on UN10 has smaller experimental uncertainty than do determinations of CDN10. Second, scatterplots of u* versus UN10 are not ill posed when UN10 is small, as plots of CDN10 are; u*–UN10 plots presented here suggest aerodynamically smooth scaling for small UN10. Third, this relation depends only weakly on Monin–Obukhov similarity theory and, consequently, reduces the confounding effects of artificial correlation. Finally, with its negative intercept, the linear relation produces a CDN10 function that naturally rolls off at high wind speed and asymptotically approaches a constant value of 3.40 × 10−3. Hurricane modelers and the air–sea interaction community have been trying to rationalize such behavior in the drag coefficient for at least 15 years. This paper suggests that this rolloff in CDN10 results simply from known processes that influence wind–wave coupling.

Corresponding author address: Dr. Edgar L Andreas, NorthWest Research Associates, Inc., 25 Eagle Ridge, Lebanon, NH 03766-1900. E-mail: eandreas@nwra.com
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