Have Aerosols Caused the Observed Atlantic Multidecadal Variability?

Rong Zhang * NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

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Thomas L. Delworth * NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

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Rowan Sutton National Centre for Atmospheric Science—Climate, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

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Daniel L. R. Hodson National Centre for Atmospheric Science—Climate, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

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Keith W. Dixon * NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

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Isaac M. Held * NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

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Yochanan Kushnir Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York

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John Marshall Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

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Yi Ming * NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

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Rym Msadek * NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

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Jon Robson National Centre for Atmospheric Science—Climate, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

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Anthony J. Rosati * NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

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MingFang Ting Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York

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Gabriel A. Vecchi * NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

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Abstract

Identifying the prime drivers of the twentieth-century multidecadal variability in the Atlantic Ocean is crucial for predicting how the Atlantic will evolve in the coming decades and the resulting broad impacts on weather and precipitation patterns around the globe. Recently, Booth et al. showed that the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 2, Earth system configuration (HadGEM2-ES) closely reproduces the observed multidecadal variations of area-averaged North Atlantic sea surface temperature in the twentieth century. The multidecadal variations simulated in HadGEM2-ES are primarily driven by aerosol indirect effects that modify net surface shortwave radiation. On the basis of these results, Booth et al. concluded that aerosols are a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability. However, here it is shown that there are major discrepancies between the HadGEM2-ES simulations and observations in the North Atlantic upper-ocean heat content, in the spatial pattern of multidecadal SST changes within and outside the North Atlantic, and in the subpolar North Atlantic sea surface salinity. These discrepancies may be strongly influenced by, and indeed in large part caused by, aerosol effects. It is also shown that the aerosol effects simulated in HadGEM2-ES cannot account for the observed anticorrelation between detrended multidecadal surface and subsurface temperature variations in the tropical North Atlantic. These discrepancies cast considerable doubt on the claim that aerosol forcing drives the bulk of this multidecadal variability.

Corresponding author address: Rong Zhang, NOAA/GFDL, 201 Forrestal Rd., Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08540. E-mail: rong.zhang@noaa.gov

Abstract

Identifying the prime drivers of the twentieth-century multidecadal variability in the Atlantic Ocean is crucial for predicting how the Atlantic will evolve in the coming decades and the resulting broad impacts on weather and precipitation patterns around the globe. Recently, Booth et al. showed that the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 2, Earth system configuration (HadGEM2-ES) closely reproduces the observed multidecadal variations of area-averaged North Atlantic sea surface temperature in the twentieth century. The multidecadal variations simulated in HadGEM2-ES are primarily driven by aerosol indirect effects that modify net surface shortwave radiation. On the basis of these results, Booth et al. concluded that aerosols are a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability. However, here it is shown that there are major discrepancies between the HadGEM2-ES simulations and observations in the North Atlantic upper-ocean heat content, in the spatial pattern of multidecadal SST changes within and outside the North Atlantic, and in the subpolar North Atlantic sea surface salinity. These discrepancies may be strongly influenced by, and indeed in large part caused by, aerosol effects. It is also shown that the aerosol effects simulated in HadGEM2-ES cannot account for the observed anticorrelation between detrended multidecadal surface and subsurface temperature variations in the tropical North Atlantic. These discrepancies cast considerable doubt on the claim that aerosol forcing drives the bulk of this multidecadal variability.

Corresponding author address: Rong Zhang, NOAA/GFDL, 201 Forrestal Rd., Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08540. E-mail: rong.zhang@noaa.gov
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