Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Determination of Convective Boundary Layer Entrainment Fluxes, Dissipation Rates, and the Molecular Destruction of Variances: Theoretical Description and a Strategy for Its Confirmation with a Novel Lidar System Synergy

Volker Wulfmeyer Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado

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Shravan Kumar Muppa Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

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Andreas Behrendt Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

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Eva Hammann Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

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Florian Späth Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

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Zbigniew Sorbjan Physics Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

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David D. Turner NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma

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R. Michael Hardesty NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

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Print Publication:
01 Feb 2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0392.1
Page(s):
667–692
Restricted access

Abstract

Atmospheric variables in the convective boundary layer (CBL), which are critical for turbulence parameterizations in weather and climate models, are assessed. These include entrainment fluxes, higher-order moments of humidity, potential temperature, and vertical wind, as well as dissipation rates. Theoretical relationships between the integral scales, gradients, and higher-order moments of atmospheric variables, fluxes, and dissipation rates are developed mainly focusing on the entrainment layer (EL) at the top of the CBL. These equations form the starting point for tests of and new approaches in CBL turbulence parameterizations. For the investigation of these relationships, an observational approach using a synergy of ground-based water vapor, temperature, and wind lidar systems is proposed. These systems measure instantaneous vertical profiles with high temporal and spatial resolution throughout the CBL including the EL. The resolution of these systems permits the simultaneous measurement of gradients and fluctuations of these atmospheric variables. For accurate analyses of the gradients and the shapes of turbulence profiles, the lidar system performances are very important. It is shown that each lidar profile can be characterized very well with respect to bias and system noise and that the constant bias has negligible effect on the measurement of turbulent fluctuations. It is demonstrated how different gradient relationships can be measured and tested with the proposed lidar synergy within operational measurements or new field campaigns. Particularly, a novel approach is introduced for measuring the rate of destruction of humidity and temperature variances, which is an important component of the variance budget equations.

Denotes Open Access content.

Corresponding author address: Volker Wulfmeyer, Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany. E-mail: volker.wulfmeyer@uni-hohenheim.de

Abstract

Atmospheric variables in the convective boundary layer (CBL), which are critical for turbulence parameterizations in weather and climate models, are assessed. These include entrainment fluxes, higher-order moments of humidity, potential temperature, and vertical wind, as well as dissipation rates. Theoretical relationships between the integral scales, gradients, and higher-order moments of atmospheric variables, fluxes, and dissipation rates are developed mainly focusing on the entrainment layer (EL) at the top of the CBL. These equations form the starting point for tests of and new approaches in CBL turbulence parameterizations. For the investigation of these relationships, an observational approach using a synergy of ground-based water vapor, temperature, and wind lidar systems is proposed. These systems measure instantaneous vertical profiles with high temporal and spatial resolution throughout the CBL including the EL. The resolution of these systems permits the simultaneous measurement of gradients and fluctuations of these atmospheric variables. For accurate analyses of the gradients and the shapes of turbulence profiles, the lidar system performances are very important. It is shown that each lidar profile can be characterized very well with respect to bias and system noise and that the constant bias has negligible effect on the measurement of turbulent fluctuations. It is demonstrated how different gradient relationships can be measured and tested with the proposed lidar synergy within operational measurements or new field campaigns. Particularly, a novel approach is introduced for measuring the rate of destruction of humidity and temperature variances, which is an important component of the variance budget equations.

Denotes Open Access content.

Corresponding author address: Volker Wulfmeyer, Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany. E-mail: volker.wulfmeyer@uni-hohenheim.de
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