Buhler, O., and M. E. McIntyre, 2005: Wave capture and wave–vortex duality. J. Fluid Mech., 534, 67–95, doi:10.1017/S0022112005004374.
Eliassen, A., 1962: On the vertical circulation in frontal zones. Geofys. Publ., 24 (4), 147–160.
Gall, R., R. Williams, and T. Clark, 1988: Gravity waves generated during frontogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2204–2219, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2204:GWGDF>2.0.CO;2.
Garner, S. T., 1989: Fully Lagrangian numerical solutions of unbalanced frontogenesis and frontal collapse. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 717–739, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0717:FLNSOU>2.0.CO;2.
Griffiths, M., and M. J. Reeder, 1996: Stratospheric inertia–gravity waves generated in a numerical model of frontogenesis. I: Model solutions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1153–1174, doi:10.1002/qj.49712253307.
Hobbs, P. V., T. J. Matejka, P. H. Herzegh, J. D. Locatelli, and R. A. Houze, 1980: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. I: A case study of a cold front. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 568–596, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0568:TMAMSA>2.0.CO;2.
Hoskins, B., 1982: The mathematical theory of frontogenesis. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 14, 131–151, doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.001023.
Hoskins, B., and F. Bretherton, 1972: Atmospheric frontogenesis models: Mathematical formulation and solution. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 11–37, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0011:AFMMFA>2.0.CO;2.
Houze, R. A., Jr., and P. V. Hobbs, 1982: Organization and structure of precipitating cloud systems. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 24, Academic Press, 225–315, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60521-X.
Jones, W. L., 1969: Ray tracing for internal gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res., 74, 2028–2033, doi:10.1029/JB074i008p02028.
Juckes, M., 1994: Quasigeostrophic dynamics of the tropopause. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2756–2768, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2756:QDOTT>2.0.CO;2.
Ley, B. E., and W. R. Peltier, 1978: Wave generation and frontal collapse. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 3–17, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<0003:WGAFC>2.0.CO;2.
Plougonven, R., and C. Snyder, 2005: Gravity waves excited by jets: Propagation versus generation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18802, doi:10.1029/2005GL023730.
Plougonven, R., and F. Zhang, 2014: Internal gravity waves from atmospheric jets and fronts. Rev. Geophys., 52, 33–76, doi:10.1002/2012RG000419.
Reeder, M. J., and M. Griffiths, 1996: Stratospheric inertia–gravity waves generated in a numerical model of frontogenesis. II: Wave sources, generation mechanisms and momentum fluxes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1175–1195, doi:10.1002/qj.49712253308.
Ryan, B., and Coauthors, 2000: Simulations of a cold front by cloud-resolving, limited-area, and large-scale models, and a model evaluation using in situ and satellite observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3218–3235, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3218:SOACFB>2.0.CO;2.
Sawyer, J. S., 1956: On the vertical circulation at meteorological fronts and its relation to frontogenesis. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A234, 346–362, doi:10.1098/rspa.1956.0039.
Schultz, D. M., 2005: A review of cold fronts with prefrontal troughs and wind shifts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2449–2472, doi:10.1175/MWR2987.1.
Shakespeare, C. J., and J. R. Taylor, 2013: A generalized mathematical model of geostrophic adjustment and frontogenesis: Uniform potential vorticity. J. Fluid Mech., 736, 366–413, doi:10.1017/jfm.2013.526.
Shakespeare, C. J., and J. R. Taylor, 2014: The spontaneous generation of inertia–gravity waves during frontogenesis forced by large strain: Theory. J. Fluid Mech., 757, 817–853, doi:10.1017/jfm.2014.514.
Shakespeare, C. J., and J. R. Taylor, 2015: The spontaneous generation of inertia–gravity waves during frontogenesis forced by large strain: Numerical solutions. J. Fluid Mech., 772, 508–534, doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.197.
Snyder, C., W. Skamarock, and R. Rotunno, 1993: Frontal dynamics near and following frontal collapse. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3194–3211, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<3194:FDNAFF>2.0.CO;2.
Thomas, L. N., 2012: On the effects of frontogenetic strain on symmetric instability and inertia–gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 711, 620–640, doi:10.1017/jfm.2012.416.
Williams, R. T., and J. Plotkin, 1968: Quasi-geostrophic frontogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 201–206, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0201:QGF>2.0.CO;2.
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Displayed acceptance dates for articles published prior to 2023 are approximate to within a week. If needed, exact acceptance dates can be obtained by emailing amsjol@ametsoc.org.
A simple analytical model is developed to describe wave generation during frontogenesis forced by a horizontal strain field. In contrast to previous models, neither geostrophic nor hydrostatic balance is assumed. The generated waves are trapped in the strain field and form steady bands of enhanced vertical flow on either side of the surface front on scales from 1 to 100 km. The predictions of the analytical model are confirmed by comparison with fully nonlinear numerical simulations.
A simple analytical model is developed to describe wave generation during frontogenesis forced by a horizontal strain field. In contrast to previous models, neither geostrophic nor hydrostatic balance is assumed. The generated waves are trapped in the strain field and form steady bands of enhanced vertical flow on either side of the surface front on scales from 1 to 100 km. The predictions of the analytical model are confirmed by comparison with fully nonlinear numerical simulations.
Buhler, O., and M. E. McIntyre, 2005: Wave capture and wave–vortex duality. J. Fluid Mech., 534, 67–95, doi:10.1017/S0022112005004374.
Eliassen, A., 1962: On the vertical circulation in frontal zones. Geofys. Publ., 24 (4), 147–160.
Gall, R., R. Williams, and T. Clark, 1988: Gravity waves generated during frontogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2204–2219, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2204:GWGDF>2.0.CO;2.
Garner, S. T., 1989: Fully Lagrangian numerical solutions of unbalanced frontogenesis and frontal collapse. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 717–739, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0717:FLNSOU>2.0.CO;2.
Griffiths, M., and M. J. Reeder, 1996: Stratospheric inertia–gravity waves generated in a numerical model of frontogenesis. I: Model solutions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1153–1174, doi:10.1002/qj.49712253307.
Hobbs, P. V., T. J. Matejka, P. H. Herzegh, J. D. Locatelli, and R. A. Houze, 1980: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. I: A case study of a cold front. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 568–596, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0568:TMAMSA>2.0.CO;2.
Hoskins, B., 1982: The mathematical theory of frontogenesis. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 14, 131–151, doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.001023.
Hoskins, B., and F. Bretherton, 1972: Atmospheric frontogenesis models: Mathematical formulation and solution. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 11–37, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0011:AFMMFA>2.0.CO;2.
Houze, R. A., Jr., and P. V. Hobbs, 1982: Organization and structure of precipitating cloud systems. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 24, Academic Press, 225–315, doi:10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60521-X.
Jones, W. L., 1969: Ray tracing for internal gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res., 74, 2028–2033, doi:10.1029/JB074i008p02028.
Juckes, M., 1994: Quasigeostrophic dynamics of the tropopause. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2756–2768, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2756:QDOTT>2.0.CO;2.
Ley, B. E., and W. R. Peltier, 1978: Wave generation and frontal collapse. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 3–17, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<0003:WGAFC>2.0.CO;2.
Plougonven, R., and C. Snyder, 2005: Gravity waves excited by jets: Propagation versus generation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18802, doi:10.1029/2005GL023730.
Plougonven, R., and F. Zhang, 2014: Internal gravity waves from atmospheric jets and fronts. Rev. Geophys., 52, 33–76, doi:10.1002/2012RG000419.
Reeder, M. J., and M. Griffiths, 1996: Stratospheric inertia–gravity waves generated in a numerical model of frontogenesis. II: Wave sources, generation mechanisms and momentum fluxes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1175–1195, doi:10.1002/qj.49712253308.
Ryan, B., and Coauthors, 2000: Simulations of a cold front by cloud-resolving, limited-area, and large-scale models, and a model evaluation using in situ and satellite observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3218–3235, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3218:SOACFB>2.0.CO;2.
Sawyer, J. S., 1956: On the vertical circulation at meteorological fronts and its relation to frontogenesis. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A234, 346–362, doi:10.1098/rspa.1956.0039.
Schultz, D. M., 2005: A review of cold fronts with prefrontal troughs and wind shifts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2449–2472, doi:10.1175/MWR2987.1.
Shakespeare, C. J., and J. R. Taylor, 2013: A generalized mathematical model of geostrophic adjustment and frontogenesis: Uniform potential vorticity. J. Fluid Mech., 736, 366–413, doi:10.1017/jfm.2013.526.
Shakespeare, C. J., and J. R. Taylor, 2014: The spontaneous generation of inertia–gravity waves during frontogenesis forced by large strain: Theory. J. Fluid Mech., 757, 817–853, doi:10.1017/jfm.2014.514.
Shakespeare, C. J., and J. R. Taylor, 2015: The spontaneous generation of inertia–gravity waves during frontogenesis forced by large strain: Numerical solutions. J. Fluid Mech., 772, 508–534, doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.197.
Snyder, C., W. Skamarock, and R. Rotunno, 1993: Frontal dynamics near and following frontal collapse. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3194–3211, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<3194:FDNAFF>2.0.CO;2.
Thomas, L. N., 2012: On the effects of frontogenetic strain on symmetric instability and inertia–gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 711, 620–640, doi:10.1017/jfm.2012.416.
Williams, R. T., and J. Plotkin, 1968: Quasi-geostrophic frontogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 201–206, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0201:QGF>2.0.CO;2.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 233 | 121 | 67 |
| PDF Downloads | 105 | 37 | 2 |
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