Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Urbanization-Induced Land and Aerosol Impacts on Storm Propagation and Hail Characteristics

Yun Lin Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington

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Jiwen Fan Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington

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Jong-Hoon Jeong Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington

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Yuwei Zhang Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington

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Cameron R. Homeyer School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma

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Jingyu Wang Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington

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Online Publication:
05 Mar 2021
Print Publication:
01 Mar 2021
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Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0106.1
Page(s):
925–947
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Abstract

Changes in land surface and aerosol characteristics from urbanization can affect dynamic and microphysical properties of severe storms, thus affecting hazardous weather events resulting from these storms such as hail and tornadoes. We examine the joint and individual effects of urban land and anthropogenic aerosols of Kansas City on a severe convective storm observed during the 2015 Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN) field campaign, focusing on storm evolution, convective intensity, and hail characteristics. The simulations are carried out at the cloud-resolving scale (1 km) using a version of WRF-Chem in which the spectral-bin microphysics (SBM) is coupled with the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC). It is found that the urban land effect of Kansas City initiated a much stronger convective cell and the storm got further intensified when interacting with stronger turbulence induced by the urban land. The urban land effect also changed the storm path by diverting the storm toward the city, mainly resulting from enhanced urban land-induced convergence in the urban area and around the urban–rural boundaries. The joint effect of urban land and anthropogenic aerosols enhances occurrences of both severe hail and significant severe hail by ~20% by enhancing hail formation and growth from riming. Overall the urban land effect on convective intensity and hail is relatively larger than the anthropogenic aerosol effect, but the joint effect is more notable than either of the individual effects, emphasizing the importance of considering both effects in evaluating urbanization effects.

Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0106.s1.

© 2021 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

This article is included in the Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN) Special Collection.

Corresponding author: Jiwen Fan, jiwen.fan@pnnl.gov

Abstract

Changes in land surface and aerosol characteristics from urbanization can affect dynamic and microphysical properties of severe storms, thus affecting hazardous weather events resulting from these storms such as hail and tornadoes. We examine the joint and individual effects of urban land and anthropogenic aerosols of Kansas City on a severe convective storm observed during the 2015 Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN) field campaign, focusing on storm evolution, convective intensity, and hail characteristics. The simulations are carried out at the cloud-resolving scale (1 km) using a version of WRF-Chem in which the spectral-bin microphysics (SBM) is coupled with the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC). It is found that the urban land effect of Kansas City initiated a much stronger convective cell and the storm got further intensified when interacting with stronger turbulence induced by the urban land. The urban land effect also changed the storm path by diverting the storm toward the city, mainly resulting from enhanced urban land-induced convergence in the urban area and around the urban–rural boundaries. The joint effect of urban land and anthropogenic aerosols enhances occurrences of both severe hail and significant severe hail by ~20% by enhancing hail formation and growth from riming. Overall the urban land effect on convective intensity and hail is relatively larger than the anthropogenic aerosol effect, but the joint effect is more notable than either of the individual effects, emphasizing the importance of considering both effects in evaluating urbanization effects.

Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0106.s1.

© 2021 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

This article is included in the Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN) Special Collection.

Corresponding author: Jiwen Fan, jiwen.fan@pnnl.gov

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