Amemiya, A., and K. Sato, 2016: A new gravity wave parameterization including three-dimensional propagation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 94, 237–256, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2016-013.
Beljaars, A. C. M., A. R. Brown, and N. Wood, 2004: A new parametrization of turbulent orographic form drag. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1327–1347, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.73.
Broutman, D., J. W. Rottman, and S. D. Eckermann, 2002: Maslov’s method for stationary hydrostatic mountain waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1159–1171, https://doi.org/10.1256/003590002320373247.
Broutman, D., J. W. Rottman, and S. D. Eckermann, 2003: A simplified Fourier method for nonhydrostatic mountain waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2686–2696, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2686:ASFMFN>2.0.CO;2.
Davis, C. A., D. A. Ahijevych, W. Wang, and W. C. Skamarock, 2016: Evaluating medium-range tropical cyclone forecasts in uniform- and variable-resolution global models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 4141–4160, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0021.1.
Doyle, J. D., and D. R. Durran, 2002: The dynamics of mountain-wave-induced rotors. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 186–201, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0186:TDOMWI>2.0.CO;2.
Eckermann, S. D., J. Ma, and D. Broutman, 2015: Effects of horizontal geometrical spreading on the parameterization of orographic gravity wave drag. Part I: Numerical transform solutions. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 2330–2347, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0147.1.
Ehard, B., and Coauthors, 2017: Horizontal propagation of large-amplitude mountain waves into the polar night jet. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, 1423–1436, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025621.
Fritts, D. C., and M. J. Alexander, 2003: Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere. Rev. Geophys., 41, 1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000106.
Grubišić, V., and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1997: The effect of critical levels on 3D orographic flows: Linear regime. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1943–1960, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<1943:TEOCLO>2.0.CO;2.
Guarino, M.-V., and M. A. C. Teixeira, 2017: Non-hydrostatic effects on mountain wave breaking in directional shear flows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 3291–3297, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3157.
Kim, Y.-J., and A. Arakawa, 1995: Improvement of orographic gravity wave parameterization using a mesoscale gravity wave model. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1875–1902, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1875:IOOGWP>2.0.CO;2.
Kim, Y.-J., and J. D. Doyle, 2005: Extension of an orographic-drag parameterization scheme to incorporate orographic anisotropy and flow blocking. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 1893–1921, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.160.
Kim, Y.-J., S. D. Eckermann, and H. Y. Chun, 2003: An overview of the past, present and future of gravity-wave drag parametrization for numerical climate and weather prediction models. Atmos.–Ocean, 41, 65–98, https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.410105.
Klemp, J. B., and D. R. Durran, 1983: An upper boundary condition permitting internal gravity wave radiation in numerical mesoscale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 430–444, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<0430:AUBCPI>2.0.CO;2.
Lott, F., and M. J. Miller, 1997: A new subgrid-scale orographic drag parameterization: Its formulation and testing. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 101–127, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712353704.
Marks, C. J., and S. D. Eckermann, 1995: A three-dimensional nonhydrostatic ray-tracing model for gravity waves: Formulation and preliminary results for the middle atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1959–1984, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1959:ATDNRT>2.0.CO;2.
McFarlane, N. A., 1987: The effect of orographically excited gravity wave drag on the general circulation of the lower stratosphere and troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1775–1800, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1775:TEOOEG>2.0.CO;2.
Miranda, P. M. A., and I. N. James, 1992: Non-linear three-dimensional effects on the wave drag: Splitting flow and breaking waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 1057–1081, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711850803.
Palmer, T. N., G. J. Shutts, and R. Swinbank, 1986: Alleviation of systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 1001–1039, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711247406.
Phillips, D. S., 1984: Analytical surface pressure and drag for linear hydrostatic flow over three-dimensional elliptical mountains. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1073–1084, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<1073:ASPADF>2.0.CO;2.
Plougonven, R., A. de la Cámara, A. Hertzog, and F. Lott, 2020: How does knowledge of atmospheric gravity waves guide their parameterizations? Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1529–1543, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3732.
Pulido, M., and C. Rodas, 2011: A higher-order ray approximation applied to orographic waves: Gaussian beam approximation. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 46–60, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3468.1.
Scinocca, J. F., and N. A. McFarlane, 2000: The parametrization of drag induced by stratified flow over anisotropic orography. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2353–2393, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712656802.
Scorer, R. S., 1949: Theory of waves in the lee of mountains. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 75, 41–56, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49707532308.
Shutts, G., 1995: Gravity-wave drag parameterization over complex terrain: The effect of critical-level absorption in directional wind-shear. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 1005–1021, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712152504.
Shutts, G., 1998: Stationary gravity-wave structure in flows with directional wind shear. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 1421–1442, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712454905.
Skamarock, W., J. B. Klemp, M. G. Duda, L. D. Fowler, S.-H. Park, and T. D. Ringler, 2012: A multiscale nonhydrostatic atmospheric model using centroidal Voronoi tesselations and C-grid staggering. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3090–3105, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00215.1.
Smith, R. B., 1979: The influence of mountains on the atmosphere. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 21, Academic Press, 87–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60262-9.
Smith, R. B., 1980: Linear theory of stratified hydrostatic flow past an isolated mountain. Tellus, 32, 348–364, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v32i4.10590.
Smith, R. B., 1985: On severe downslope winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2597–2603, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<2597:OSDW>2.0.CO;2.
Song, I.-S., and H.-Y. Chun, 2008: A Lagrangian spectral parameterization of gravity wave drag induced by cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1204–1224, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAS2369.1.
Teixeira, M. A. C., and P. M. A. Miranda, 2006: A linear model of gravity wave drag for hydrostatic sheared flow over elliptical mountains. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 2439–2458, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.05.220.
Teixeira, M. A. C., and P. M. A. Miranda, 2009: On the momentum fluxes associated with mountain waves in directionally sheared flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3419–3433, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3065.1.
Teixeira, M. A. C., and C. L. Yu, 2014: The gravity wave momentum flux in hydrostatic flow with directional shear over elliptical mountains. Eur. J. Mech. Fluids, 47, 16–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2014.02.004.
Teixeira, M. A. C., P. M. A. Miranda, and M. A. Valente, 2004: An analytical model of mountain wave drag for wind profiles with shear and curvature. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1040–1054, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1040:AAMOMW>2.0.CO;2.
Teixeira, M. A. C., P. M. A. Miranda, and R. M. Cardoso, 2008: Asymptotic gravity wave drag expression for non-hydrostatic rotating flow over a ridge. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 271–276, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.196.
Turner, H. V., M. A. C. Teixeira, J. Methven, and S. B. Vosper, 2019: Sensitivity of the surface orographic gravity wave drag to vertical wind shear over Antarctica. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 164–178, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3416.
Wurtele, M. G., R. D. Sharman, and A. Datta, 1996: Atmospheric lee waves. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 28, 429–476, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.002241.
Xu, X., Y. Wang, and M. Xue, 2012: Momentum flux and flux divergence of gravity waves in directional shear flows over three-dimensional mountains. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 3733–3744, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-044.1.
Xu, X., J. Song, Y. Wang, and M. Xue, 2017a: Quantifying the effect of horizontal propagation of three-dimensional mountain waves on the wave momentum flux using Gaussian beam approximation. J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 1783–1798, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0275.1.
Xu, X., S. Shu, and Y. Wang, 2017b: Another look on the structure of mountain waves: A spectral perspective. Atmos. Res., 191, 156–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.03.015.
Xu, X., Y. Tang, Y. Wang, and M. Xue, 2018: Directional absorption of mountain waves and its influence on the wave momentum transport in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 123, 2640–2654, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027968.
Xu, X., M. Xue, M. A. C. Teixeira, J. Tang, and Y. Wang, 2019: Parameterization of directional absorption of orographic gravity waves and its impact on the atmospheric general circulation simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 3435–3453, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0365.1.
Xu, X., M. A. C. Teixeira, M. Xue, Y. Lu, and J. Tang, 2020: Impacts of wind profile shear and curvature on the parameterized orographic gravity wave stress in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 3086–3100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3828.
Xue, M., and A. J. Thorpe, 1991: A mesoscale numerical model using the nonhydrostatic sigma-coordinate equations: Model experiments with dry mountain flows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1168–1185, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1168:AMNMUT>2.0.CO;2.
Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, and V. Wong, 2000: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS)—A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction model. Part I: Model dynamics and verification. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75, 161–193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030070003.
Zängl, G., 2003: Orographic gravity waves close to the nonhydrostatic limit of vertical propagation. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2045–2063, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2045:OGWCTT>2.0.CO;2.
Zhang, Y., J. Li, R. Yu, S. Zhang, Z. Liu, J. Huang, and Y. Zhou, 2019: A layer-averaged nonhydrostatic dynamical framework on an unstructured mesh for global and regional atmospheric modeling: Model description, baseline evaluation, and sensitivity exploration. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11, 1685–1714, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001539.
Zhou, L., S.-J. Lin, J.-H. Chen, L. M. Harris, X. Chen, and S. L. Rees, 2019: Toward convective-scale prediction within the Next Generation Global Prediction System. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100, 1225–1243, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0246.1.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 288 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 1273 | 806 | 53 |
| PDF Downloads | 546 | 249 | 24 |
Displayed acceptance dates for articles published prior to 2023 are approximate to within a week. If needed, exact acceptance dates can be obtained by emailing amsjol@ametsoc.org.
This work studies nonhydrostatic effects (NHE) on the momentum flux of orographic gravity waves (OGWs) forced by isolated three-dimensional orography. Based on linear wave theory, an asymptotic expression for low horizonal Froude number [
© 2021 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).
This work studies nonhydrostatic effects (NHE) on the momentum flux of orographic gravity waves (OGWs) forced by isolated three-dimensional orography. Based on linear wave theory, an asymptotic expression for low horizonal Froude number [
© 2021 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).
Amemiya, A., and K. Sato, 2016: A new gravity wave parameterization including three-dimensional propagation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 94, 237–256, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2016-013.
Beljaars, A. C. M., A. R. Brown, and N. Wood, 2004: A new parametrization of turbulent orographic form drag. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1327–1347, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.73.
Broutman, D., J. W. Rottman, and S. D. Eckermann, 2002: Maslov’s method for stationary hydrostatic mountain waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1159–1171, https://doi.org/10.1256/003590002320373247.
Broutman, D., J. W. Rottman, and S. D. Eckermann, 2003: A simplified Fourier method for nonhydrostatic mountain waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2686–2696, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2686:ASFMFN>2.0.CO;2.
Davis, C. A., D. A. Ahijevych, W. Wang, and W. C. Skamarock, 2016: Evaluating medium-range tropical cyclone forecasts in uniform- and variable-resolution global models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 4141–4160, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0021.1.
Doyle, J. D., and D. R. Durran, 2002: The dynamics of mountain-wave-induced rotors. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 186–201, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0186:TDOMWI>2.0.CO;2.
Eckermann, S. D., J. Ma, and D. Broutman, 2015: Effects of horizontal geometrical spreading on the parameterization of orographic gravity wave drag. Part I: Numerical transform solutions. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 2330–2347, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0147.1.
Ehard, B., and Coauthors, 2017: Horizontal propagation of large-amplitude mountain waves into the polar night jet. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, 1423–1436, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025621.
Fritts, D. C., and M. J. Alexander, 2003: Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere. Rev. Geophys., 41, 1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000106.
Grubišić, V., and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1997: The effect of critical levels on 3D orographic flows: Linear regime. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1943–1960, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<1943:TEOCLO>2.0.CO;2.
Guarino, M.-V., and M. A. C. Teixeira, 2017: Non-hydrostatic effects on mountain wave breaking in directional shear flows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 3291–3297, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3157.
Kim, Y.-J., and A. Arakawa, 1995: Improvement of orographic gravity wave parameterization using a mesoscale gravity wave model. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1875–1902, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1875:IOOGWP>2.0.CO;2.
Kim, Y.-J., and J. D. Doyle, 2005: Extension of an orographic-drag parameterization scheme to incorporate orographic anisotropy and flow blocking. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 1893–1921, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.160.
Kim, Y.-J., S. D. Eckermann, and H. Y. Chun, 2003: An overview of the past, present and future of gravity-wave drag parametrization for numerical climate and weather prediction models. Atmos.–Ocean, 41, 65–98, https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.410105.
Klemp, J. B., and D. R. Durran, 1983: An upper boundary condition permitting internal gravity wave radiation in numerical mesoscale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 430–444, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<0430:AUBCPI>2.0.CO;2.
Lott, F., and M. J. Miller, 1997: A new subgrid-scale orographic drag parameterization: Its formulation and testing. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 101–127, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712353704.
Marks, C. J., and S. D. Eckermann, 1995: A three-dimensional nonhydrostatic ray-tracing model for gravity waves: Formulation and preliminary results for the middle atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1959–1984, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1959:ATDNRT>2.0.CO;2.
McFarlane, N. A., 1987: The effect of orographically excited gravity wave drag on the general circulation of the lower stratosphere and troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1775–1800, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1775:TEOOEG>2.0.CO;2.
Miranda, P. M. A., and I. N. James, 1992: Non-linear three-dimensional effects on the wave drag: Splitting flow and breaking waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 1057–1081, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711850803.
Palmer, T. N., G. J. Shutts, and R. Swinbank, 1986: Alleviation of systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 1001–1039, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711247406.
Phillips, D. S., 1984: Analytical surface pressure and drag for linear hydrostatic flow over three-dimensional elliptical mountains. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1073–1084, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<1073:ASPADF>2.0.CO;2.
Plougonven, R., A. de la Cámara, A. Hertzog, and F. Lott, 2020: How does knowledge of atmospheric gravity waves guide their parameterizations? Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1529–1543, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3732.
Pulido, M., and C. Rodas, 2011: A higher-order ray approximation applied to orographic waves: Gaussian beam approximation. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 46–60, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3468.1.
Scinocca, J. F., and N. A. McFarlane, 2000: The parametrization of drag induced by stratified flow over anisotropic orography. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2353–2393, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712656802.
Scorer, R. S., 1949: Theory of waves in the lee of mountains. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 75, 41–56, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49707532308.
Shutts, G., 1995: Gravity-wave drag parameterization over complex terrain: The effect of critical-level absorption in directional wind-shear. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 1005–1021, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712152504.
Shutts, G., 1998: Stationary gravity-wave structure in flows with directional wind shear. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 1421–1442, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712454905.
Skamarock, W., J. B. Klemp, M. G. Duda, L. D. Fowler, S.-H. Park, and T. D. Ringler, 2012: A multiscale nonhydrostatic atmospheric model using centroidal Voronoi tesselations and C-grid staggering. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3090–3105, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00215.1.
Smith, R. B., 1979: The influence of mountains on the atmosphere. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 21, Academic Press, 87–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60262-9.
Smith, R. B., 1980: Linear theory of stratified hydrostatic flow past an isolated mountain. Tellus, 32, 348–364, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v32i4.10590.
Smith, R. B., 1985: On severe downslope winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2597–2603, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<2597:OSDW>2.0.CO;2.
Song, I.-S., and H.-Y. Chun, 2008: A Lagrangian spectral parameterization of gravity wave drag induced by cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1204–1224, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAS2369.1.
Teixeira, M. A. C., and P. M. A. Miranda, 2006: A linear model of gravity wave drag for hydrostatic sheared flow over elliptical mountains. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 2439–2458, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.05.220.
Teixeira, M. A. C., and P. M. A. Miranda, 2009: On the momentum fluxes associated with mountain waves in directionally sheared flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3419–3433, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3065.1.
Teixeira, M. A. C., and C. L. Yu, 2014: The gravity wave momentum flux in hydrostatic flow with directional shear over elliptical mountains. Eur. J. Mech. Fluids, 47, 16–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2014.02.004.
Teixeira, M. A. C., P. M. A. Miranda, and M. A. Valente, 2004: An analytical model of mountain wave drag for wind profiles with shear and curvature. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1040–1054, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1040:AAMOMW>2.0.CO;2.
Teixeira, M. A. C., P. M. A. Miranda, and R. M. Cardoso, 2008: Asymptotic gravity wave drag expression for non-hydrostatic rotating flow over a ridge. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 271–276, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.196.
Turner, H. V., M. A. C. Teixeira, J. Methven, and S. B. Vosper, 2019: Sensitivity of the surface orographic gravity wave drag to vertical wind shear over Antarctica. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 164–178, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3416.
Wurtele, M. G., R. D. Sharman, and A. Datta, 1996: Atmospheric lee waves. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 28, 429–476, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.002241.
Xu, X., Y. Wang, and M. Xue, 2012: Momentum flux and flux divergence of gravity waves in directional shear flows over three-dimensional mountains. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 3733–3744, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-044.1.
Xu, X., J. Song, Y. Wang, and M. Xue, 2017a: Quantifying the effect of horizontal propagation of three-dimensional mountain waves on the wave momentum flux using Gaussian beam approximation. J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 1783–1798, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0275.1.
Xu, X., S. Shu, and Y. Wang, 2017b: Another look on the structure of mountain waves: A spectral perspective. Atmos. Res., 191, 156–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.03.015.
Xu, X., Y. Tang, Y. Wang, and M. Xue, 2018: Directional absorption of mountain waves and its influence on the wave momentum transport in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 123, 2640–2654, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027968.
Xu, X., M. Xue, M. A. C. Teixeira, J. Tang, and Y. Wang, 2019: Parameterization of directional absorption of orographic gravity waves and its impact on the atmospheric general circulation simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 3435–3453, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0365.1.
Xu, X., M. A. C. Teixeira, M. Xue, Y. Lu, and J. Tang, 2020: Impacts of wind profile shear and curvature on the parameterized orographic gravity wave stress in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 3086–3100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3828.
Xue, M., and A. J. Thorpe, 1991: A mesoscale numerical model using the nonhydrostatic sigma-coordinate equations: Model experiments with dry mountain flows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1168–1185, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1168:AMNMUT>2.0.CO;2.
Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, and V. Wong, 2000: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS)—A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction model. Part I: Model dynamics and verification. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75, 161–193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030070003.
Zängl, G., 2003: Orographic gravity waves close to the nonhydrostatic limit of vertical propagation. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2045–2063, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2045:OGWCTT>2.0.CO;2.
Zhang, Y., J. Li, R. Yu, S. Zhang, Z. Liu, J. Huang, and Y. Zhou, 2019: A layer-averaged nonhydrostatic dynamical framework on an unstructured mesh for global and regional atmospheric modeling: Model description, baseline evaluation, and sensitivity exploration. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11, 1685–1714, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001539.
Zhou, L., S.-J. Lin, J.-H. Chen, L. M. Harris, X. Chen, and S. L. Rees, 2019: Toward convective-scale prediction within the Next Generation Global Prediction System. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100, 1225–1243, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0246.1.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 288 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 1273 | 806 | 53 |
| PDF Downloads | 546 | 249 | 24 |
AMS Publications
Get Involved with AMS
Follow Us
Contact Us
Email: amsjol@ametsoc.org
Phone: 617-227-2425
Fax: 617-742-8718
Headquarters:
45 Beacon Street
Boston, MA 02108-3693
DC Office:
1200 New York Ave NW
Suite 500
Washington, DC 200005-3928