Article Type:
Research Article

How Well Are We Measuring Snow Post-SPICE?

John Kochendorfer Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA/Air Resources Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee;

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Michael Earle Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada;

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Roy Rasmussen National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado;

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Craig Smith Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;

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Daqing Yang Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada;

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Samuel Morin Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, CNRM, Centre d’Études de la Neige, Grenoble, France;

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Eva Mekis Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;

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Samuel Buisan Aragon Regional Office, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Zaragoza, Spain;

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Yves-Alain Roulet MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland;

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Scott Landolt National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado;

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Mareile Wolff Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway;

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Jeffery Hoover Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;

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Julie M. Thériault ESCER Center, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;

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Gyuwon Lee Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea;

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Bruce Baker Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA/Air Resources Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee;

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Rodica Nitu Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;

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Luca Lanza Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, and WMO/CIMO Lead Centre “B. Castelli” on Precipitation Intensity, Genoa, Italy;

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Matteo Colli Artys Srl, Genoa, Italy

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Tilden Meyers Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA/Air Resources Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee;

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Online Publication:
12 Feb 2022
Print Publication:
01 Feb 2022
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0228.1
Page(s):
E370–E388
Restricted access

Abstract

Accurate snowfall measurements are necessary for meteorology, hydrology, and climate research. Typical uses include creating and calibrating gridded precipitation products, the verification of model simulations, driving hydrologic models, input into aircraft deicing processes, and estimating streamflow runoff in the spring. These applications are significantly impacted by errors in solid precipitation measurements. The recent WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) attempted to characterize and reduce some of the measurement uncertainties through an international effort involving 15 countries utilizing over 20 types and models of precipitation gauges from various manufacturers. Key results from WMO-SPICE are presented herein. Recent work and future research opportunities that build on the results of WMO-SPICE are also highlighted.

© 2022 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: John Kochendorfer, john.kochendorfer@noaa.gov

Abstract

Accurate snowfall measurements are necessary for meteorology, hydrology, and climate research. Typical uses include creating and calibrating gridded precipitation products, the verification of model simulations, driving hydrologic models, input into aircraft deicing processes, and estimating streamflow runoff in the spring. These applications are significantly impacted by errors in solid precipitation measurements. The recent WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) attempted to characterize and reduce some of the measurement uncertainties through an international effort involving 15 countries utilizing over 20 types and models of precipitation gauges from various manufacturers. Key results from WMO-SPICE are presented herein. Recent work and future research opportunities that build on the results of WMO-SPICE are also highlighted.

© 2022 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: John Kochendorfer, john.kochendorfer@noaa.gov
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