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Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layers and Diurnal Cycles: Challenges for Weather and Climate Models

A. A. M. Holtslag Meteorology and Air Quality Section, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands

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G. Svensson Department of Meteorology, and Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

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P. Baas Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands

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S. Basu Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina

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B. Beare Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom

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A. C. M. Beljaars European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

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F. C. Bosveld Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands

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J. Cuxart Departament de Física, Grup de Meteorologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

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J. Lindvall Department of Meteorology, and Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

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G. J. Steeneveld Meteorology and Air Quality Section, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands

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M. Tjernström Department of Meteorology, and Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

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B. J. H. Van De Wiel Eindhoven Technical University, Eindhoven, Netherlands

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Online Publication:
01 Nov 2013
Print Publication:
01 Nov 2013
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00187.1
Page(s):
1691–1706
Restricted access

The representation of the atmospheric boundary layer is an important part of weather and climate models and impacts many applications such as air quality and wind energy. Over the years, the performance in modeling 2-m temperature and 10-m wind speed has improved but errors are still significant. This is in particular the case under clear skies and low wind speed conditions at night as well as during winter in stably stratified conditions over land and ice. In this paper, the authors review these issues and provide an overview of the current understanding and model performance. Results from weather forecast and climate models are used to illustrate the state of the art as well as findings and recommendations from three intercomparison studies held within the Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX) Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study (GABLS). Within GABLS, the focus has been on the examination of the representation of the stable boundary layer and the diurnal cycle over land in clear-sky conditions. For this purpose, single-column versions of weather and climate models have been compared with observations, research models, and large-eddy simulations. The intercomparison cases are based on observations taken in the Arctic, Kansas, and Cabauw in the Netherlands. From these studies, we find that even for the noncloudy boundary layer important parameterization challenges remain.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Prof. Bert Holtslag, Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands, E-mail: bert.holtslag@wur.nl

The representation of the atmospheric boundary layer is an important part of weather and climate models and impacts many applications such as air quality and wind energy. Over the years, the performance in modeling 2-m temperature and 10-m wind speed has improved but errors are still significant. This is in particular the case under clear skies and low wind speed conditions at night as well as during winter in stably stratified conditions over land and ice. In this paper, the authors review these issues and provide an overview of the current understanding and model performance. Results from weather forecast and climate models are used to illustrate the state of the art as well as findings and recommendations from three intercomparison studies held within the Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX) Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study (GABLS). Within GABLS, the focus has been on the examination of the representation of the stable boundary layer and the diurnal cycle over land in clear-sky conditions. For this purpose, single-column versions of weather and climate models have been compared with observations, research models, and large-eddy simulations. The intercomparison cases are based on observations taken in the Arctic, Kansas, and Cabauw in the Netherlands. From these studies, we find that even for the noncloudy boundary layer important parameterization challenges remain.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Prof. Bert Holtslag, Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands, E-mail: bert.holtslag@wur.nl
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