Cover Journal of Climate
Journal of Climate

  • Allan, R. J., J. A. Lindesay, and D. E. Parker, 1996: El Niño Southern Oscillation and Climatic Variability. CSIRO Publications, 405 pp.

  • Barnett, T. P., 1984: Long-term trends in surface temperature over the oceans. Mon. Wea. Rev.,112, 303–312.

  • Basnett, T. A., and D. E. Parker, 1997: Development of the global mean sea level pressure data set GMSLP2. Hadley Centre of the U.K. Meteorological Office for Climate Research, Tech. Note 79, 16 pp. [Available from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Meteorological Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RS12 2SY, United Kingdom.].

  • Bottomley, M., C. K. Folland, J. Hsiung, R. E. Newell, and D. E. Parker, 1990: Global Ocean Surface Temperature Atlas. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 20 pp.

  • Bretherton, C. S., C. Smith, and J. M. Wallace, 1992: An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J. Climate,5, 541–560.

  • Cane, M. A., A. C. Clement, A. Kaplan, Y. Kushnir, R. Murtugudde, D. Pozdnyakov, R. Seager, and S. E. Zebiak, 1997: 20th century sea surface temperature trends. Science,275, 957–960.

  • Davis, R. E., 1976: Predictability of sea surface temperature and sea level pressure anomalies over the North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,6, 249–266.

  • Folland, C. K., T. N. Palmer, and D. E. Parker, 1986: Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures 1901–85. Nature,320, 602–607.

  • Hurrell, J. W., 1995: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation:Regional temperatures and precipitation. Science,269, 676–679.

  • ——, and K. E. Trenberth, 1999: Global sea surface temperature analyses: Multiple problems and their implications for climate analysis, modeling, and reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,80, 2661–2678.

  • Jones, P. D., T. Jónsson, and D. Wheeler, 1997: Extension to the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and South-West Iceland. Int. J. Climatol.,17, 1433–1450.

  • Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,77, 437–471.

  • Kaplan, A., Y. Kushnir, M. A. Cane, and M. B. Blumenthal, 1997: Reduced space optimal analysis for historical datasets: 136 years of Atlantic sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res.,102, 27 835–27 860.

  • ——, M. A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, A. C. Clement, M. B. Blumenthal, and B. Rajagopalan, 1998: Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856–1991. J. Geophys. Res.,103, 18 567–18 589.

  • Können, G. P., P. D. Jones, M. H. Kaltofen, and R. J. Allan, 1998: Pre-1866 extensions of the Southern Oscillation index using early Indonesian and Tahitian meteorological readings. J. Climate,11, 2325–2339.

  • Kushnir, Y., 1994: Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmospheric conditions. J. Climate,7, 141–157.

  • ——, and I. M. Held, 1996: Equilibrium response to North Atlantic SST anomalies. J. Climate,9, 1208–1220.

  • Leith, C. E., 1973: The standard error of time-average estimates of climatic means. J. Appl. Meteor.,12, 1066–1069.

  • Mantua, N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, and R. C. Francis, 1997: A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,78, 1069–1079.

  • Nicholls, N., G. V. Gruza, J. Jouzel, T. R. Karl, L. A. Ogallo, and D. E. Parker, 1996: Observed climate variability and change. Climate Change 1995, J. T. Houghton et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 133–192.

  • Parker, D. E., and C. K. Folland, 1991: Worldwide surface temperature trends since the mid-19th century. Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climatic Change: A Critical Appraisal of Simulations and Observations, M. E. Schlesinger, Ed., Elsevier, 173–193.

  • ——, P. D. Jones, C. K. Folland, and A. Bevan, 1994: Interdecadal changes of surface temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res.,99, 14 373–14 399.

  • Ropelewski, C. F., and P. D. Jones, 1987: An extension of the Tahiti–Darwin Southern Oscillation index. Mon. Wea. Rev.,115, 2161–2165.

  • Shapiro, R., 1971: The use of linear filtering as a parameterization of atmospheric diffusion. J. Atmos. Sci.,28, 523–531.

  • Trenberth, K. E., 1977: Surface atmospheric tides in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Sci.,20, 339–356.

  • ——, 1984: Signal versus noise in the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev.,112, 326–332.

  • ——, 1991: Climate diagnostics from global analyses: Conservation of mass in ECMWF analyses. J. Climate,4, 707–722.

  • ——, and D. A. Paolino, 1980: The Northern Hemisphere sea-level pressure data set: Trends, errors, and discontinuities. Mon. Wea. Rev.,108, 855–872.

  • ——, and J. W. Hurrell, 1994: Decadal atmosphere–ocean variations in the Pacific. Climate Dyn.,9, 303–319.

  • ——, and T. J. Hoar, 1996: The 1990–1995 El Niño–Southern Oscillation event: Longest on record. Geophys. Res. Lett.,23, 57–60.

  • ——, J. R. Christy, and J. W. Hurrell, 1992: Monitoring global monthly mean surface temperatures. J. Climate,5, 1405–1423.

  • Woodruff, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987: A comprehensive ocean–atmosphere data set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,68, 1239–1250.

  • ——, S. J. Lubker, K. Wolter, S. J. Worley, and J. D. Elms, 1993: Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) Release 1a: 1980–92. Earth Syst. Monit.,4, 1–8.

  • ——, H. F. Diaz, J. D. Elms, and S. J. Worley, 1998: COADS Release 2 data and metadata enhancements for improvements of marine surface flux fields. Phys. Chem. Earth,23, 517–526.

  • Zhang, Y., J. M. Wallace, and D. S. Battisti, 1997: ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900–93. J. Climate,10, 1004–1020.

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 605 164 22
PDF Downloads 292 112 9
Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Reduced Space Optimal Interpolation of Historical Marine Sea Level Pressure: 1854–1992

Alexey KaplanLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York

Search for other papers by Alexey Kaplan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
,
Yochanan KushnirLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York

Search for other papers by Yochanan Kushnir in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
, and
Mark A. CaneLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York

Search for other papers by Mark A. Cane in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
Print Publication:
15 Aug 2000
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2987:RSOIOH>2.0.CO;2
Page(s):
2987–3002
Restricted access

Abstract

Near-global 4° × 4° gridded analysis of marine sea level pressure (SLP) from the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set for monthly averages from 1854 to 1992 was produced along with its estimated error using a reduced space optimal interpolation method. A novel procedure of covariance adjustment brought the results of the analysis to the consistency with the a priori assumptions on the signal covariance structure. Comparisons with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research global atmosphere reanalysis, with the National Center for Atmospheric Research historical analysis of the Northern Hemisphere SLP, and with the global historical analysis of the U.K. Meteorological Office show encouraging skill of the present product and identifies noninclusion of the land data as its main limitation. Marine SLP pressure proxies are produced for the land stations used in the definitions of the Southern Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices. Surprisingly, they prove to be competitive in quality with the land station records. Global singular value decomposition analysis of the SLP fields versus sea surface temperature identified three major patterns of their joint large-scale and long-term variability as “trend,” Pacific decadal oscillation, and NAO.

Corresponding author address: Dr. Alexey Kaplan, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, P.O. Box 1000, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964-8000.

Email: alexeyk@ldeo.columbia.edu

Abstract

Near-global 4° × 4° gridded analysis of marine sea level pressure (SLP) from the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set for monthly averages from 1854 to 1992 was produced along with its estimated error using a reduced space optimal interpolation method. A novel procedure of covariance adjustment brought the results of the analysis to the consistency with the a priori assumptions on the signal covariance structure. Comparisons with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research global atmosphere reanalysis, with the National Center for Atmospheric Research historical analysis of the Northern Hemisphere SLP, and with the global historical analysis of the U.K. Meteorological Office show encouraging skill of the present product and identifies noninclusion of the land data as its main limitation. Marine SLP pressure proxies are produced for the land stations used in the definitions of the Southern Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices. Surprisingly, they prove to be competitive in quality with the land station records. Global singular value decomposition analysis of the SLP fields versus sea surface temperature identified three major patterns of their joint large-scale and long-term variability as “trend,” Pacific decadal oscillation, and NAO.

Corresponding author address: Dr. Alexey Kaplan, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, P.O. Box 1000, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964-8000.

Email: alexeyk@ldeo.columbia.edu

Save