Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Scots Pine (pinus sylvestris L.) on Shingle Fields: A Dendrochronologic Reconstruction of Early Summer Precipitation in Mideast Sweden

Karin Jönsson Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden

Search for other papers by Karin Jönsson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
and
Christer Nilsson Landscape Ecology Group, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Search for other papers by Christer Nilsson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Print Publication:
01 Sep 2009
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2401.1
Page(s):
4710–4722
Restricted access

We are aware of a technical issue preventing figures and tables from showing in some newly published articles in the full-text HTML view.
While we are resolving the problem, please use the online PDF version of these articles to view figures and tables.

Abstract

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees growing on shingle fields offer a unique possibility to reconstruct precipitation and study climate variability in the fairly humid eastern part of central Sweden. Tree-ring characteristics were compared with monthly (1890–2001) and daily (1961–2001) climate data from an adjacent meteorological station. Chronologies for latewood (LW), earlywood (EW), and tree-ring widths (RW) were constructed from 73 living and dead trees. Correlation analyses show that tree growth is most sensitive to early summer precipitation. EW shows the strongest correlation with precipitation in May and June while LW is best correlated with June and July precipitation. A reconstruction model for May–June precipitation was calculated using principal component analysis (PCA) regression (regular regression) including EW, LW, and RW for present and previous years. The model explained 46% of the variation in May–June precipitation and allowed a reconstruction back to 1560. Information about wet and dry years was collected from historical documents and was used to validate the result. Periods with precipitation above and below the mean show agreement with previous reconstructions of spring precipitation from tree rings in Finland and of spring floods from estuary sediments in the region. Analyses of correlations between meteorological stations and reconstructed precipitation show that the model is valid for the coastal part of central Sweden. The authors conclude that Scots pine trees on shingle fields are well suited for precipitation reconstruction, and the separate analyses of LW and EW improve the reconstruction.

Corresponding author address: Karin Jönsson, Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden. Email: karin.jonsson@miun.se

Abstract

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees growing on shingle fields offer a unique possibility to reconstruct precipitation and study climate variability in the fairly humid eastern part of central Sweden. Tree-ring characteristics were compared with monthly (1890–2001) and daily (1961–2001) climate data from an adjacent meteorological station. Chronologies for latewood (LW), earlywood (EW), and tree-ring widths (RW) were constructed from 73 living and dead trees. Correlation analyses show that tree growth is most sensitive to early summer precipitation. EW shows the strongest correlation with precipitation in May and June while LW is best correlated with June and July precipitation. A reconstruction model for May–June precipitation was calculated using principal component analysis (PCA) regression (regular regression) including EW, LW, and RW for present and previous years. The model explained 46% of the variation in May–June precipitation and allowed a reconstruction back to 1560. Information about wet and dry years was collected from historical documents and was used to validate the result. Periods with precipitation above and below the mean show agreement with previous reconstructions of spring precipitation from tree rings in Finland and of spring floods from estuary sediments in the region. Analyses of correlations between meteorological stations and reconstructed precipitation show that the model is valid for the coastal part of central Sweden. The authors conclude that Scots pine trees on shingle fields are well suited for precipitation reconstruction, and the separate analyses of LW and EW improve the reconstruction.

Corresponding author address: Karin Jönsson, Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden. Email: karin.jonsson@miun.se

Save
Cover Journal of Climate
Journal of Climate

  • Alexandersson, H., 2002: Temperatur och nederbörd i Sverige 1860–2001 (Temperature and precipitation in Sweden 1860–2001). Meteorology Rep. 104, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 28 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bakke, J., S. O. Dahl, Ø Paasche, R. Løvlie, and A. Nesje, 2005: Glacier fluctuations, equilibrium-line altitudes and palaeoclimate in Lyngen, northern Norway during the Lateglacial and Holocene. Holocene, 15 , 518–540.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bauer, E., M. Claussen, A. Huenerbein, and V. Brovkin, 2002: Assessment of climate forcing contributing to the Late Maunder Minimum. Extended Abstracts, Spring Meeting, Washington, DC, Amer. Geophys. Union, Abstract GC41B-04.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bergström, S., 1994: Sveriges Hydrologi: Grundläggande Hydrologiska Förhållanden (Sweden’s Hydrology: Fundamental Hydrological Conditions). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute and Svenska Hydrologiska Rådet, 138 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Biondi, F., and K. Waikul, 2004: DENDROCLIM2002: A C++ program for statistical calibration of climate signals in tree-ring chronologies. Comput. Geosci., 30 , 303–311.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bjune, A. E., J. Bakke, A. Nesje, and H. J. B. Birks, 2005: Holocene mean July temperature and winter precipitation in western Norvay inferred from palynological and glaciological lake-sediment proxies. Holocene, 15 , 177–189.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Borgmark, A., and K. Schoning, 2005: A comparative study of peat proxies from two eastern central Swedish bogs and their relation to meteorological data. J. Quat. Sci., 21 , 109–114.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brázdil, R., C. Pfister, H. Wanner, H. von Storch, and J. Luterbacher, 2005: Historical climatology in Europe: The state of the art climatic change. Climatic Change, 70 , 363–430.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Briffa, K. R., 1995: Interpreting high-resolution proxy climate data: The example of dendroclimatology. Analysis of Climate Data Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques, H. von Storch and A. Navarra, Eds., Springer Verlag, 77–94.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Briffa, K. R., and P. D. Jones, 1990: Basic chronology statistics and assessment. Methods of Dendrochronology: Application in the Environmental Sciences, E. R. Cook and L. A. Kairiukstis, Eds., Kluwer Academic Publications, 104–123.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Briffa, K. R., P. D. Jones, T. S. Bartholin, D. Eckstein, F. H. Schweingruber, W. Karlén, P. Zetterberg, and M. Eronen, 1992: Fennoscandian summers from AD 500: Temperature changes on short and long timescales. Climate Dyn., 7 , 111–119.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Burman, F., 1930: Fale Burmans Anteckningar om Jämtland i Urval (Fale Burman’s Selected Notes on Jämtland). Jämtlands Läns Fornskriftsällskap, 136 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Busuioc, A., D. Chen, and C. Hellström, 2001: Temporal and spatial variability of precipitation in Sweden and its link with the large scale atmospheric circulation. Tellus, 53A , 348–367.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cook, E. R., 1985: A time series analysis approach to tree ring standardization. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Arizona, 175 pp.

  • Cook, E. R., and L. A. Kairiukstis, Eds. 1990: Methods of Dendrochronology: Application in the Environmental Sciences. Kluwer Academic, 394 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cook, E. R., and P. J. Krusic, cited. 2005: Program ARSTAN: A tree-ring standardization program based on detrending and autoregressive time series modeling, with interactive graphics. Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. [Available online at http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/fac/trl/public/publicSoftware.html].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cook, E. R., R. D. D’Arrigo, and M. E. Mann, 2002: A well-verified, multiproxy reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index since A.D. 1400. J. Climate, 15 , 1754–1764.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • D’Arrigo, R. D., E. R. Cook, M. E. Mann, and G. C. Jacoby, cited. 2003: Warm season Arctic oscillation reconstructions, 1650–1978 AD. International Tree-Ring Data Bank, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series 003-045, NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program. [Available online at http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_NOAA_NCDC_PALEO_2003-045.html].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • D’Arrigo, R. D., R. Wilson, B. Liepert, and P. Cherubini, 2007: On the ‘divergence problem’ in northern forests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes. Global Planet. Change, 60 , 289–305.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • De Jong, R., S. Björck, L. Björkman, and L. B. Clemmensen, 2006: Storminess variations during the last 6500 years as reconstructed from an ombrotrophic bog in Halland, SW Sweden. J. Quat. Sci., 21 , 905–919.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eddy, J. A., 1976: The Maunder Minimum. Science, 192 , 1189–1202.

  • Eklund, B., 1954: Årsringsbreddens klimatiskt betingade variation hos tall och gran inom norra Sverige åren 1900–1944 (The climatically induced variation of tree-ring width for pine and spruce in northern Sweden during 1900–1944). Medd. Statens Skogsforskningsinst. (Swed.), 44 , 1–150.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eriksson, J. V., 1919: Översvämningarna i mellersta Norrlands kusttrakter i maj 1919 (The floods in the coastal areas of central Norrland in May 1919). Ymer, 1919 , 181–186.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Erlandsson, S., 1936: Dendrochronological studies. Stockholm’s College Geochronological Institute Rep. 23, Uppsala, Sweden, 116 pp.

  • Fritts, H. C., 1976: Tree Rings and Climate. Academic Press, 567 pp.

  • Fritts, H. C., and J. Guiot, 1990: Methods of calibration, verification and reconstruction. Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences, E. R. Cook and L. A. Kairiukstis, Eds., Kluwer Academic, 163–217.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gimmi, U., J. Luterbacher, J. Pfister, and H. Wanner, 2007: A method to reconstruct long precipitation series using systematic descriptive observations in weather diaries: The example of the precipitation series for Bern, Switzerland (1760–2003). Theor. Appl. Climatol., 87 , 185–199.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Grove, J. M., and R. Switzur, 1994: Glacial geological evidence for the Medieval Warm Period. Climatic Change, 26 , 143–169.

  • Grudd, H., 2006: Tree rings as sensitive proxies of past climate change. Ph.D. thesis, Stockholm University, 75 pp.

  • Gunnarson, B. E., and H. W. Linderholm, 2002: Low-frequency summer temperature variation in central Sweden since the tenth century inferred from tree rings. Holocene, 12 , 667–671.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, K. Lo, W. David, D. W. Lea, and M. Medina-Elizade, 2006: Global temperature change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103 , 14288–14293.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Helama, S., and M. Lindholm, 2003: Droughts and rainfall in south-eastern Finland since AD 874, inferred from Scots pine ring-widths. Boreal Environ. Res., 8 , 171–183.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Helama, S., M. Lindholm, M. Timonen, J. Meriläinen, and M. Eronen, 2002: The supra-long Scots pine tree-ring record for Finnish Lapland: Part 2, interannual to centennial variability in summer temperatures for 7500 years. Holocene, 12 , 681–687.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Högman, H., cited. 2005: Agricultural yields and years of famine—Sweden. [Available online at www.algonet.se/~hogman/swegen.htm].

  • Holmes, R. L., R. K. Adams, and H. C. Fritts, 1986: Tree-ring chronologies of western North America: California, eastern Oregon and northern Great Basin with procedures used in the chronology development work including users’ manuals for computer programs COFECHA and ARSTAN. Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, 182 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C. A. Johnson, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, 881 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hurrell, J. W., cited. 1995: NAO index data. Climate Analysis Section, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado. [Available online at http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/jhurrell/indices.data.html#naostatmon].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hurrell, J. W., Y. Kushnir, M. Vibe, and G. Ottersen, 2003: An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 134, Amer. Geophys. Union, 1–35.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jansen, E., and Coauthors, 2007: Paleoclimate. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 433–497.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jones, P. D., K. R. Briffa, and S. F. B. Tett, 1998: High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: Interpretation, integration and comparison with general circulation model control-run temperatures. Holocene, 8 , 455–471.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jonsson, A., 2005: The Governors of Northern Sweden and the State Formation Process, 1634–1769 (in Swedish with English summary). Umeå University, 319 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kaalela-Brundin, M., 1999: Climatic information from tree-rings of Pinus sylvestris L. and a reconstruction of summer temperatures back to AD 1500 in Femundsmarka, eastern Norway, using partial least squares regression (PLS) analysis. Holocene, 9 , 59–77.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Karlén, W., 1973: Holocene glacier and climatic variations, Kebnekaise mountains, Swedish Lapland. Geogr. Ann., 55A , 29–63.

  • Kastellet, E., A. Nesje, and E. S. Pedersen, 1998: Reconstructing the palaeoclimate of Jæren, Southwestern Norway, for the period 1821–1850, from historical documentary records. Geogr. Ann., 80A , 51–65.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kirchhefer, A. J., 2001: Reconstruction of summer temperatures from tree-rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in coastal northern Norway. Holocene, 11 , 41–52.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Larsson, L-Å, 2006: Namdoe tree-ring data. SWED302 International Tree Ring Data Bank (ITRDB), NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program. [Available online at ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/europe/swed302.rwl].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Linderholm, H. W., 2001: Climatic influence on Scots pine growth on dry and wet soils in the central Scandinavian mountains, interpreted from tree-ring widths. Silva Fenn., 35 , 415–424.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Linderholm, H. W., 2006: Growing season changes in the last century. Agric. For. Meteor., 137 , 1–14.

  • Linderholm, H. W., and B. E. Gunnarson, 2005: Summer climate variability in west-central Fennoscandia during the last 3600 years. Geogr. Ann., 87A , 231–241.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Linderholm, H. W., and T. Molin, 2005: Early nineteenth century drought in east central Sweden inferred from dendrochronological and historical archives. Climate Res., 29 , 63–72.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Linderholm, H. W., A. Moberg, and H. Grudd, 2002: Peatland pines as climate indicators? A regional comparison of the climatic influence on Scots pine growth in Sweden. Can. J. For. Res., 32 , 1400–1410.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Linderholm, H. W., B. O. Solberg, and M. Lindholm, 2003: Tree-ring records from central Fennoscandia: The relationship between tree growth and climate along a west–east transect. Holocene, 13 , 887–895.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Linderholm, H. W., N. Niklasson, and T. Molin, 2004: Summer precipitation variability in east central Sweden since the mid-eighteenth century recorded in tree rings. Geogr. Ann., 86A , 277–287.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lindholm, M., and M. Eronen, 2000: A reconstruction of mid-summer temperatures from ring-widths of Scots pine since AD 50 in Northern Fennoscandia. Geogr. Ann., 82A , 527–535.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lindholm, M., H. Lehtonen, T. Kolström, J. Meriläinen, M. Eronen, and M. Timonen, 2000: Climatic signals extracted from ring-width chronologies of Scots pines from the northern, middle and southern parts of the boreal forest belt in Finland. Silva Fennica, 34 , 317–330.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Linsley, B. K., R. B. Dunbar, G. M. Wellington, and D. A. Mucciarone, 1994: A coral-based reconstruction of intertropical convergence zone variability over Central America since 1707. J. Geophys. Res., 99 , 9977–9994.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lundmark, J. E., 1986: Skogsmarkens Ekologi. Ståndortsanpassat Skogsbruk, Del 1–Grunder (Ecology of the Forest Land. Habitat Adapted Forestry, Part 1—Fundamentals). Swedish Forestry Board, 158 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lundqvist, J., 1987: Beskrivning till jordartskarta över Västernorrlands län och förutvarande Fjällsjö k:n (Description to Soil Type Map over Västernorrland Province and the Former Fjällsjö Municipality). Geological Survey of Sweden, 270 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Luterbacher, J., R. Rickli, E. Xoplaki, C. Tinguely, C. Beck, C. Pfister, and H. Wanner, 2001: The Late Maunder Minimum (1675–1715): A key period for studying decadal scale climatic change in Europe. Climatic Change, 49 , 441–462.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, and M. K. Hughes, 1998: Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries. Nature, 392 , 779–787.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • National Research Council, 2006: Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years. The National Academies Press, 160 pp.

  • Nesje, A., 2005: Briksdalsbreen in western Norway: AD 1900/2004 frontal fluctuations as a combined effect of variations in winter precipitation and summer temperature. Holocene, 15 , 1245–1252.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • O’Brien, S. R., P. A. Mayewski, L. D. Meeker, D. A. Meese, M. S. Twickle, and S. I. Whitlow, 1995: Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core. Science, 270 , 1962–1964.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Oleksyn, J., M. G. Tjoelker, and P. B. Reich, 1992: Growth and biomass partitioning of populations of European Pinus sylvestris L. under simulated 50° and 60°N daylengths: Evidence for photoperiodic ecotypes. New Phytol., 120 , 561–574.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Omstedt, A., and D. Chen, 2001: Influence of atmospheric circulation on the maximum ice extent in the Baltic Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 106 , 4493–4500.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pfister, C., and Coauthors, 1999: Documentary evidence on climate in sixteenth-century Europe. Climatic Change, 43 , 55–110.

  • Post, J. D., 1984: Climatic variability and the European mortality wave of the early 1740s. J. Interdiscip. Hist., 15 , 1–30.

  • Sander, M., 2003: Climatic signals and frequencies in the Swedish time scale, river Ångermanälven, Central Sweden. Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, 130 pp.

  • Schweingruber, F. H., 1988: Tree Rings: Basics and Applications of Dendrochronology. Reidel, 276 pp.

  • Schweingruber, F. H., cited. 2005: Dendrochronological data. SWED023W International Tree Ring Data Bank (ITRDB), NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program. [Available online at ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/europe/swed023w.rwl].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shindell, D. T., G. A. Schmidt, M. E. Mann, R. Rind, and A. Waple, 2001: Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum. Science, 294 , 2149–2152.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shindell, D. T., G. A. Schmidt, R. L. Miller, and M. E. Mann, 2003: Volcanic and solar forcing of climate change during the preindustrial era. J. Climate, 16 , 4094–4107.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • SMHI, 1924: Årsbok 1924 (Yearbook 1924). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute.

  • SMHI, 1993: Väder och Vatten (Weather and Water). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute.

  • Solomon, S., and Coauthors, 2007: Technical summary. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Sciences Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 19–91.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Törnlöv, J., 2005: En studie av klimatrelaterade data i svenska 1700-tals dokument: kan historiska dokument från mellersta Norrland användas för rekonstruktion av klimatet under Lilla Istidens senare del? (A study of climate related data in Swedish 18th century documents: Can historical documents from central Norrland be used for reconstruction of climate during the latter part of the Little Ice Age?). University essay, Mid Sweden University, 42 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Trenberth, K. E., and Coauthors, 2007: Observations: Surface and atmospheric climate change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 235–336.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tuomenvirta, H., A. Drebs, E. Forland, O. E. Tveito, H. Alexandersson, E. V. Laursen, and T. Jonsson, 2001: Nordklim data set 1.0—description and illustrations. Norwegian Meteorological Institute Rep. 08/01, 27 pp.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Uggla, C., E. Magel, T. Moritz, and B. Sundberg, 2001: Function and dynamics of auxin and carbohydrates during earlywood/latewood transition in Scots pine. Plant Physiol., 125 , 2029–2039.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Uvo, C. B., 2003: Analysis and regionalization of northern European winter precipitation based on its relationship with the North Atlantic oscillation. Int. J. Climatol., 23 , 1185–1194.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wanner, H., and Coauthors, 1995: Wintertime European circulation patterns during the Late Maunder Minimum cooling period (1675–1704). Theor. Appl. Climatol., 51 , 167–175.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wibig, J., 1999: Precipitation in Europe in relation to circulation patterns at the 500 hPa level. Int. J. Climatol., 19 , 253–269.

  • Wigley, T. M. L., K. R. Briffa, and P. D. Jones, 1984: On the average value of correlated time series, with applications in dendroclimatology and hydrometeorology. J. Appl. Meteor., 23 , 201–213.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zillén, L., 2003: Setting the Holocene clock using varved lake sediments in Sweden. Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, 37 pp.

  • Zinke, J., and Coauthors, 2002: Evidence for the climate during the Late Maunder Minimum from proxy data available within KIHZ. The Climate in Historical Times: Towards a Synthesis of Holocene Proxy Data and Climate Models, H. Fischer et al., Eds., Springer Verlag, 397–414.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 640 335 93
PDF Downloads 249 69 7