Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

On the Linkage between Antarctic Surface Water Stratification and Global Deep-Water Temperature

Ralph F. Keeling Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California

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Martin Visbeck IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany

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Print Publication:
15 Jul 2011
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI3642.1
Page(s):
3545–3557
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Abstract

The suggestion is advanced that the remarkably low static stability of Antarctic surface waters may arise from a feedback loop involving global deep-water temperatures. If deep-water temperatures are too warm, this promotes Antarctic convection, thereby strengthening the inflow of Antarctic Bottom Water into the ocean interior and cooling the deep ocean. If deep waters are too cold, this promotes Antarctic stratification allowing the deep ocean to warm because of the input of North Atlantic Deep Water. A steady-state deep-water temperature is achieved such that the Antarctic surface can barely undergo convection. A two-box model is used to illustrate this feedback loop in its simplest expression and to develop basic concepts, such as the bounds on the operation of this loop. The model illustrates the possible dominating influence of Antarctic upwelling rate and Antarctic freshwater balance on global deep-water temperatures.

Corresponding author address: Ralph F. Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, Mail Code 0244, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0244. E-mail: rkeeling@ucsd.edu

Abstract

The suggestion is advanced that the remarkably low static stability of Antarctic surface waters may arise from a feedback loop involving global deep-water temperatures. If deep-water temperatures are too warm, this promotes Antarctic convection, thereby strengthening the inflow of Antarctic Bottom Water into the ocean interior and cooling the deep ocean. If deep waters are too cold, this promotes Antarctic stratification allowing the deep ocean to warm because of the input of North Atlantic Deep Water. A steady-state deep-water temperature is achieved such that the Antarctic surface can barely undergo convection. A two-box model is used to illustrate this feedback loop in its simplest expression and to develop basic concepts, such as the bounds on the operation of this loop. The model illustrates the possible dominating influence of Antarctic upwelling rate and Antarctic freshwater balance on global deep-water temperatures.

Corresponding author address: Ralph F. Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, Mail Code 0244, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0244. E-mail: rkeeling@ucsd.edu
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