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Article
Article Type:
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Covariability of Surface Wind and Stress Responses to Sea Surface Temperature Fronts

Larry W. O’Neill College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

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Dudley B. Chelton College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, and Cooperative Institute for Oceanographic Satellite Studies, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

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Steven K. Esbensen College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

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Print Publication:
01 Sep 2012
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00230.1
Page(s):
5916–5942
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Abstract

The responses of surface wind and wind stress to spatial variations of sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated using satellite observations of the surface wind from the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and SST from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (EOS) (AMSR-E) Aqua satellite. This analysis considers the 7-yr period June 2002–May 2009 during which both instruments were operating. Attention is focused in the Kuroshio, North and South Atlantic, and Agulhas Return Current regions. Since scatterometer wind stresses are computed solely as a nonlinear function of the scatterometer-derived 10-m equivalent neutral wind speed (ENW), qualitatively similar responses of the stress and ENW to SST are expected. However, the responses are found to be more complicated on the oceanic mesoscale. First, the stress and ENW are both approximately linearly related to SST, despite a nonlinear relationship between them. Second, the stress response to SST is 2 to 5 times stronger during winter compared to summer, while the ENW response to SST exhibits relatively little seasonal variability. Finally, the stress response to SST can be strong in regions where the ENW response is weak and vice versa.

A straightforward algebraic manipulation shows that the stress perturbations are directly proportional to the ENW perturbations multiplied by a nonlinear function of the ambient large-scale ENW. This proportionality explains why both the stress and ENW depend linearly on the mesoscale SST perturbations, while the dependence of the stress perturbations on the ambient large-scale ENW explains both the seasonal pulsing and the geographic variability of the stress response to SST compared with the less variable ENW response.

Corresponding author address: Larry W. O’Neill, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 COAS Administration Building, Corvallis, OR 97331. E-mail: loneill@coas.oregonstate.edu

Abstract

The responses of surface wind and wind stress to spatial variations of sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated using satellite observations of the surface wind from the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and SST from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (EOS) (AMSR-E) Aqua satellite. This analysis considers the 7-yr period June 2002–May 2009 during which both instruments were operating. Attention is focused in the Kuroshio, North and South Atlantic, and Agulhas Return Current regions. Since scatterometer wind stresses are computed solely as a nonlinear function of the scatterometer-derived 10-m equivalent neutral wind speed (ENW), qualitatively similar responses of the stress and ENW to SST are expected. However, the responses are found to be more complicated on the oceanic mesoscale. First, the stress and ENW are both approximately linearly related to SST, despite a nonlinear relationship between them. Second, the stress response to SST is 2 to 5 times stronger during winter compared to summer, while the ENW response to SST exhibits relatively little seasonal variability. Finally, the stress response to SST can be strong in regions where the ENW response is weak and vice versa.

A straightforward algebraic manipulation shows that the stress perturbations are directly proportional to the ENW perturbations multiplied by a nonlinear function of the ambient large-scale ENW. This proportionality explains why both the stress and ENW depend linearly on the mesoscale SST perturbations, while the dependence of the stress perturbations on the ambient large-scale ENW explains both the seasonal pulsing and the geographic variability of the stress response to SST compared with the less variable ENW response.

Corresponding author address: Larry W. O’Neill, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 COAS Administration Building, Corvallis, OR 97331. E-mail: loneill@coas.oregonstate.edu
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  • Zhang, R.-H., and A. J. Busalacchi, 2009: An empirical model for surface wind stress response to SST forcing induced by tropical instability waves (TIWs) in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 2021–2046.

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