Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Projections of the Tropical Atlantic Vertical Wind Shear and Its Relationship with ENSO in SP-CCSM4

Xiaojie Zhu Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia

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Li Xu Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia

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Cristiana Stan Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies, and Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Earth Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia

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Print Publication:
15 Nov 2014
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00002.1
Page(s):
8342–8356
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Abstract

The vertical wind shear over the tropical Atlantic Ocean and its relationship with ENSO are analyzed in the superparameterized Community Climate System Model, version 4 (SP-CCSM4) and in the conventional CCSM4. The climatology of vertical wind shear over the tropical Atlantic and the ENSO–shear relationship are well simulated in the control runs of SP-CCSM4 and CCSM4. However, because of different representations of cloud processes, in a warmer climate such as the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario, SP-CCSM4 projects increased mean westerlies at 200 hPa during July through October (JASO), whereas CCSM4 projects decreased mean westerlies at 200 hPa over the equatorial Atlantic. The different changes in the upper-level wind further contribute to different projection of JASO mean vertical wind shear over the equatorial Atlantic. In the RCP8.5 scenario, when excluding the linear trend, projection of the ENSO–shear relationships by SP-CCSM4 retains similar features as in the observed current climate, whereas the ENSO–shear relationship projected by CCSM4 indicates an increase in the vertical wind shear dominating the tropical Atlantic during El Niño events. The difference in projection of ENSO–shear relationship is, to a certain extent, related to the different response of the tropical Atlantic SST to ENSO. Analysis of the climate change projection of Walker circulation, cloud cover, and convective activity illustrates that superparameterization simulates a stronger suppression of African convection than the conventional parameterization of moist processes. The weak convective activity diminishes the divergent wind associated with the vertical motion, which contributes to increased westerlies projected in SP-CCSM4.

Corresponding author address: Xiaojie Zhu, Center for Land–Ocean–Atmosphere Studies, 280 Research Hall, Mail Stop 6C5, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030. E-mail: xzhu@cola.iges.org

Abstract

The vertical wind shear over the tropical Atlantic Ocean and its relationship with ENSO are analyzed in the superparameterized Community Climate System Model, version 4 (SP-CCSM4) and in the conventional CCSM4. The climatology of vertical wind shear over the tropical Atlantic and the ENSO–shear relationship are well simulated in the control runs of SP-CCSM4 and CCSM4. However, because of different representations of cloud processes, in a warmer climate such as the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario, SP-CCSM4 projects increased mean westerlies at 200 hPa during July through October (JASO), whereas CCSM4 projects decreased mean westerlies at 200 hPa over the equatorial Atlantic. The different changes in the upper-level wind further contribute to different projection of JASO mean vertical wind shear over the equatorial Atlantic. In the RCP8.5 scenario, when excluding the linear trend, projection of the ENSO–shear relationships by SP-CCSM4 retains similar features as in the observed current climate, whereas the ENSO–shear relationship projected by CCSM4 indicates an increase in the vertical wind shear dominating the tropical Atlantic during El Niño events. The difference in projection of ENSO–shear relationship is, to a certain extent, related to the different response of the tropical Atlantic SST to ENSO. Analysis of the climate change projection of Walker circulation, cloud cover, and convective activity illustrates that superparameterization simulates a stronger suppression of African convection than the conventional parameterization of moist processes. The weak convective activity diminishes the divergent wind associated with the vertical motion, which contributes to increased westerlies projected in SP-CCSM4.

Corresponding author address: Xiaojie Zhu, Center for Land–Ocean–Atmosphere Studies, 280 Research Hall, Mail Stop 6C5, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030. E-mail: xzhu@cola.iges.org
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