Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Estimating the Contribution of Sea Ice Response to Climate Sensitivity in a Climate Model

Ken Caldeira Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California

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Ivana Cvijanovic Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, and Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Print Publication:
15 Nov 2014
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00042.1
Page(s):
8597–8607
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Abstract

The response of sea ice to climate change affects Earth’s radiative properties in ways that contribute to yet more climate change. Here, a configuration of the Community Earth System Model, version 1.0.4 (CESM 1.0.4), with a slab ocean model and a thermodynamic–dynamic sea ice model is used to investigate the overall contribution to climate sensitivity of feedbacks associated with the sea ice loss. In simulations in which sea ice is not present and ocean temperatures are allowed to fall below freezing, the climate feedback parameter averages ~1.31 W m−2 K−1; the value obtained for control simulations with active sea ice is ~1.05 W m−2 K−1, indicating that, in this configuration of CESM1.0.4, sea ice response accounts for ~20% of climate sensitivity to an imposed change in radiative forcing. In this model, the effect of sea ice response on the longwave climate feedback parameter is nearly half as important as its effect on the shortwave climate feedback parameter. Further, it is shown that the strength of the overall sea ice feedback can be related to 1) the sensitivity of sea ice area to changes in temperature and 2) the sensitivity of sea ice radiative forcing to changes in sea ice area. An alternative method of disabling sea ice response leads to similar conclusions. It is estimated that the presence of sea ice in the preindustrial control simulation has a climate effect equivalent to ~3 W m−2 of radiative forcing.

Denotes Open Access content.

Corresponding author address: Ken Caldeira, Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St., Stanford, CA 94305. E-mail: kcaldeira@carnegiescience.edu

Abstract

The response of sea ice to climate change affects Earth’s radiative properties in ways that contribute to yet more climate change. Here, a configuration of the Community Earth System Model, version 1.0.4 (CESM 1.0.4), with a slab ocean model and a thermodynamic–dynamic sea ice model is used to investigate the overall contribution to climate sensitivity of feedbacks associated with the sea ice loss. In simulations in which sea ice is not present and ocean temperatures are allowed to fall below freezing, the climate feedback parameter averages ~1.31 W m−2 K−1; the value obtained for control simulations with active sea ice is ~1.05 W m−2 K−1, indicating that, in this configuration of CESM1.0.4, sea ice response accounts for ~20% of climate sensitivity to an imposed change in radiative forcing. In this model, the effect of sea ice response on the longwave climate feedback parameter is nearly half as important as its effect on the shortwave climate feedback parameter. Further, it is shown that the strength of the overall sea ice feedback can be related to 1) the sensitivity of sea ice area to changes in temperature and 2) the sensitivity of sea ice radiative forcing to changes in sea ice area. An alternative method of disabling sea ice response leads to similar conclusions. It is estimated that the presence of sea ice in the preindustrial control simulation has a climate effect equivalent to ~3 W m−2 of radiative forcing.

Denotes Open Access content.

Corresponding author address: Ken Caldeira, Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St., Stanford, CA 94305. E-mail: kcaldeira@carnegiescience.edu
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