Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Preceding Factors of Summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation and the Physical Mechanism for Their Potential Influences

Ge Liu State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China

Search for other papers by Ge Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Ping Zhao State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China

Search for other papers by Ping Zhao in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Junming Chen State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China

Search for other papers by Junming Chen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
, and
Song Yang Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

Search for other papers by Song Yang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Print Publication:
01 Apr 2015
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00327.1
Page(s):
2531–2543
Restricted access

Abstract

The authors explore the preceding factors of summertime Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) using observations and output from the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2). Results show that the winter and spring sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical central-eastern Pacific (TCEP) and the spring sea level pressure (SLP) over the north Indian Ocean (NIO) are significantly correlated with summer APO. The preceding TCEP SST anomaly tends to exert a delayed impact on summer APO through the following process. The previous winter TCEP SST anomaly persists until spring and results in SLP anomaly over the NIO in spring. The latter induces a vertical motion anomaly over the western Tibetan Plateau, which alters spring rainfall and underlying soil moisture in situ, further modulating local surface air temperature during the following summer and hence the summer APO. The CFSv2 has high skills in predicting the winter and spring TCEP SST and the spring NIO SLP and successfully captures the observed relationships of TCEP SST and NIO SLP with summer APO. This result explains why the CFSv2 is capable of predicting the summer APO teleconnection by several months in advance.

Denotes Open Access content.

Corresponding author address: Dr. Ping Zhao, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, 46 Zhong-Guan-Cun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China. E-mail: zhaoping@cams.cma.gov.cn

Abstract

The authors explore the preceding factors of summertime Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) using observations and output from the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2). Results show that the winter and spring sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical central-eastern Pacific (TCEP) and the spring sea level pressure (SLP) over the north Indian Ocean (NIO) are significantly correlated with summer APO. The preceding TCEP SST anomaly tends to exert a delayed impact on summer APO through the following process. The previous winter TCEP SST anomaly persists until spring and results in SLP anomaly over the NIO in spring. The latter induces a vertical motion anomaly over the western Tibetan Plateau, which alters spring rainfall and underlying soil moisture in situ, further modulating local surface air temperature during the following summer and hence the summer APO. The CFSv2 has high skills in predicting the winter and spring TCEP SST and the spring NIO SLP and successfully captures the observed relationships of TCEP SST and NIO SLP with summer APO. This result explains why the CFSv2 is capable of predicting the summer APO teleconnection by several months in advance.

Denotes Open Access content.

Corresponding author address: Dr. Ping Zhao, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, 46 Zhong-Guan-Cun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China. E-mail: zhaoping@cams.cma.gov.cn
Save
Cover Journal of Climate
Journal of Climate

  • Achuthavarier, D., and V. Krishnamurthy, 2010: Relation between intraseasonal and interannual variability of the South Asian monsoon in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction forecast systems. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D08104, doi:10.1029/2009JD012865.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Adler, R. F., and Coauthors, 2003: The version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979–present). J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1147–1167, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Alexander, M. A., I. Bladé, M. Newman, J. R. Lanzante, N.-C. Lau, and J. D. Scott, 2002: The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air–sea interaction over the global oceans. J. Climate, 15, 2205–2231, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2205:TABTIO>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, F., and J. Dudhia, 2001: Coupling an advanced land surface–hydrology model with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 569–585, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, J., P. Zhao, S. Yang, G. Liu, and X. Zhou, 2013: Simulation and dynamical prediction of the summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation and associated climate anomalies by the NCEP CFSv2. J. Climate, 26, 3644–3656, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00368.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, X., T. Zhou, and L. Zou, 2013: Variation characteristics of the Asian-Pacific Oscillation in boreal summer as simulated by LASG/IAP Climate System Model FGOALS_gl (in Chinese). Acta Meteor. Sin., 71, 23–37.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Douville, H., 2003: Assessing the influence of soil moisture on seasonal climate variability with AGCMs. J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1044–1066, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1044:ATIOSM>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Douville, H., and J.-F. Royer, 1996: Sensitivity of the Asian summer monsoon to an anomalous Eurasian snow cover within the Météo-France GCM. Climate Dyn., 12, 449–466, doi:10.1007/BF02346818.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Duan, A., and G. Wu, 2005: Role of the Tibetan Plateau thermal forcing in the summer climate patterns over subtropical Asia. Climate Dyn., 24, 793–807, doi:10.1007/s00382-004-0488-8.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ek, M., K. Mitchell, Y. Lin, E. Rogers, P. Grunmann, V. Koren, G. Gayno, and J. D. Tarpley, 2003: Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8851, doi:10.1029/2002JD003296.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Goddard, L., A. Kumar, M. P. Hoerling, and A. G. Barnston, 2006: Diagnosis of anomalous winter temperatures over the eastern United States during 2002/03 El Niño. J. Climate, 19, 5624–5636, doi:10.1175/JCLI3930.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Griffies, S. M., M. J. Harrison, R. C. Pacanowski, and A. Rosati, 2004: A technical guide to MOM4. GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. 5, 342 pp. [Available online at http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/bibliography/related_files/smg0301.pdf.]

  • Higgins, R. W., V. B. S. Silva, V. E. Kousky, and W. Shi, 2008: Comparison of daily precipitation statistics for the United States in observations and in the NCEP Climate Forecast System. J. Climate, 21, 5993–6014, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2339.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hu, Z.-Z., and B. Huang, 2007: The predictive skill and the most predictable pattern in the tropical Atlantic: The effect of ENSO. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 1786–1806, doi:10.1175/MWR3393.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hu, Z.-Z., A. Kumar, B. Huang, W. Wang, J. Zhu, and C. Wen, 2013: Prediction skill of monthly SST in the North Atlantic Ocean in NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2. Climate Dyn., 40, 2745–2756, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1431-z.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Huang, B., and J. Shukla, 2007: Mechanisms for the interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. Part I: The role of remote forcing from the tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 20, 2917–2936, doi:10.1175/JCLI4151.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Huang, Y., H. Wang, and P. Zhao, 2013: Is the interannual variability of the summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation predictable? J. Climate, 26, 3865–3876, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00450.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Huang, Y., H. Wang, and K. Fan, 2014: Improving the prediction of the summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation using the interannual increment approach. J. Climate, 27, 8126–8134, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00209.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jiang, X., S. Yang, J. Li, Y. Li, H. Hu, and Y. Lian, 2013a: Variability of the Indian Ocean SST and its possible impact on summer western North Pacific anticyclone in the NCEP Climate Forecast System. Climate Dyn., 41, 2199–2212, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1934-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jiang, X., S. Yang, Y. Li, A. Kumar, X. Liu, W. Wang, and Z. Gao, 2013b: Dynamical prediction of the East Asian winter monsoon by the NCEP Climate Forecast System. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 1312–1328, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50193.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jiang, X., S. Yang, Y. Li, A. Kumar, X. Liu, Z. Zuo, and B. Jha, 2013c: Seasonal-to-interannual prediction of the Asian summer monsoon in the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2. J. Climate, 26, 3708–3727, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00437.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S.-K. Yang, J. J. Hnilo, M. Fiorino, and G. L. Potter, 2002: NCEP–DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1631–1643, doi:10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1631.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kim, J.-E., and S.-Y. Hong, 2007: Impact of soil moisture anomalies on summer rainfall over East Asia: A regional climate model study. J. Climate, 20, 5732–5743, doi:10.1175/2006JCLI1358.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Koren, V., J. C. Schaake, K. E. Mitchell, Q. Y. Duan, F. Chen, and J. Baker, 1999: A parameterization of snowpack and frozen ground intended for NCEP weather and climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19 569–19 585, doi:10.1029/1999JD900232.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Koster, R. D., and Coauthors, 2006: GLACE: The Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Part I: Overview. J. Hydrometeor., 7, 570–610, doi:10.1175/JHM510.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kutzbach, J. E., 1970: Large-scale features of monthly mean Northern Hemisphere anomaly maps of sea-level pressure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 708–716, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1970)098<0708:LSFOMM>2.3.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lau, K.-M., 1992: East Asian summer monsoon rainfall variability and climate teleconnection. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 211–241.

  • Lau, K.-M., and H.-Y. Weng, 2002: Recurrent teleconnection patterns linking summertime precipitation variability over East Asia and North America. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 1309–1324, doi:10.2151/jmsj.80.1309.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lau, K.-M., J. Y. Lee, K. M. Kim, and I. S. Kang, 2004: The North Pacific as a regulator of summertime climate over Eurasia and North America. J. Climate, 17, 819–833, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0819:TNPAAR>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lau, N.-C., and M. J. Nath, 1994: A modeling study of the relative roles of tropical and extratropical SST anomalies in the variability of the global atmosphere–ocean system. J. Climate, 7, 1184–1207, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<1184:AMSOTR>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lau, N.-C., and M. J. Nath, 1996: The role of the “atmospheric bridge” in linking tropical Pacific ENSO events to extratropical SST anomalies. J. Climate, 9, 2036–2057, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2036:TROTBI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lee, J.-Y., B. Wang, Q. Ding, K.-J. Ha, J.-B. Ahn, A. Kumar, B. Stern, and O. Alves, 2011: How predictable is the Northern Hemisphere summer upper-tropospheric circulation? Climate Dyn., 37, 1189–1203, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0909-9.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, H., A. Robock, S. Liu, K. Mo, and P. Viterbo, 2005: Evaluation of reanalysis soil moisture simulations using updated Chinese soil moisture observations. J. Hydrometeor., 6, 180–193, doi:10.1175/JHM416.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Liang, J., S. Yang, Z.-Z. Hu, B. Huang, A. Kumar, and Z. Zhang, 2009: Predictable patterns of the Asian and Indo-Pacific summer precipitation in the NCEP CFS. Climate Dyn., 32, 989–1001, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0420-8.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Liu, X., S. Yang, A. Kumar, S. Weaver, and X. Jiang, 2013: Diagnostics of subseasonal prediction biases of the Asian summer monsoon by the NCEP Climate Forecast System. Climate Dyn., 41, 1453–1474, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1553-3.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Man, W.-M., and T.-J. Zhou, 2011: Forced response of atmospheric oscillations during the last millennium by a climate system model. Chin. Sci. Bull., 56, 3042–3052, doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4637-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Meehl, G. A., 1994: Coupled land-ocean-atmosphere processes and South Asian monsoon variability. Science, 266, 263–267, doi:10.1126/science.266.5183.263.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Misra, V., S. Chan, R. Wu, and E. Chassignet, 2009: Air–sea interaction over the Atlantic warm pool in the NCEP CFS. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15702, doi:10.1029/2009GL038737.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Moorthi, S., H.-L. Pan, and P. Caplan, 2001: Changes to the 2001 NCEP operational MRF/AVN global analysis/forecast system. NWS Tech. Procedures Bull. 484, 14 pp. [Available online at http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/tpb/484.pdf.]

  • Nan, S., P. Zhao, S. Yang, and J. Chen, 2009: Springtime tropospheric temperature over the Tibetan Plateau and evolutions of the tropical Pacific SST. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D10104, doi:10.1029/2008JD011559.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nitta, T., 1987: Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impacts on the Northern Hemisphere summer circulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 65, 373–390.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ose, T., 1996: The comparison of the simulated response to the regional snow mass anomalies over Tibet, Eastern Europe, and Siberia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 74, 845–866.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Saha, S., and Coauthors, 2014: The NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2. J. Climate, 27, 2185–2208, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00823.1.

  • Seneviratne, S. I., D. Lüthi, M. Litschi, and C. Schäc, 2006: Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe. Nature, 443, 205–209, doi:10.1038/nature05095.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Smith, T. M., R. W. Reynolds, T. C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore, 2008: Improvements to NOAA’s historical merged land–ocean surface temperature analysis (1880–2006). J. Climate, 21, 2283–2295, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI2100.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Torrence, C., and P. J. Webster, 1998: The annual cycle of persistence in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 1985–2004, doi:10.1002/qj.49712455010.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, B., R. Wu, and K.-M. Lau, 2001: Interannual variability of the Asian summer monsoon: Contrasts between the Indian and the western North Pacific–East Asian monsoons. J. Climate, 14, 4073–4090, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4073:IVOTAS>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, B., Q. Bao, B. Hoskins, G. Wu, and Y. Liu, 2008: Tibetan Plateau warming and precipitation changes in East Asia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L14702, doi:10.1029/2008GL034330.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, W., S. Saha, H.-L. Pan, S. Nadiga, and G. White, 2005: Simulation of ENSO in the new NCEP coupled forecast system model (CFS03). Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1574–1593, doi:10.1175/MWR2936.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, W., M. Chen, and A. Kumar, 2010: An assessment of the CFS real-time seasonal forecasts. Wea. Forecasting, 25, 950–969, doi:10.1175/2010WAF2222345.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Watanabe, M., and F.-F. Jin, 2003: A moist linear baroclinic model: Coupled dynamical–convective response to El Niño. J. Climate, 16, 1121–1139, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1121:AMLBMC>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Webster, P. J., 1983: Mechanisms of monsoon low-frequency variability: Surface hydrological effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2110–2124, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<2110:MOMLFV>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wu, B., R. Zhang, B. Wang, and R. D’Arrigo, 2009: On the association between spring Arctic sea ice concentration and Chinese summer rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09501, doi:10.1029/2009GL037299.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wu, R., and B. Kirtman, 2007: Observed relationship of spring and summer East Asian rainfall with winter and spring Eurasian snow. J. Climate, 20, 1285–1304, doi:10.1175/JCLI4068.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1997: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2539–2558, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2539:GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xie, S.-P., K. Hu, J. Hafner, H. Tokinaga, Y. Du, G. Huang, and T. Sampe, 2009: Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo–western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. J. Climate, 22, 730–747, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2544.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xue, Y., M. Chen, A. Kumar, Z.-Z. Hu, and W. Wang, 2013: Prediction skill and bias of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures in the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2. J. Climate, 26, 5358–5378, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00600.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yang, S., and K.-M. Lau, 1998: Influences of sea surface temperature and ground wetness on Asian summer monsoon. J. Climate, 11, 3230–3246, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3230:IOSSTA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yang, S., and X. Jiang, 2014: Prediction of eastern and central Pacific ENSO events and their impacts on East Asian climate by the NCEP Climate Forecast System. J. Climate, 27, 4451–4472, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00471.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yang, S., M. Wen, and W. Higgins, 2008a: Subseasonal features of the Asian summer monsoon in the NCEP climate forecast system. Acta Oceanol. Sin., 27, 88–103.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yang, S., Z. Zhang, V. E. Kousky, R. W. Higgins, S.-H. Yoo, J. Liang, and Y. Fan, 2008b: Simulations and seasonal prediction of the Asian summer monsoon in the NCEP Climate Forecast System. J. Climate, 21, 3755–3775, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI1961.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yasunari, T., A. Kitoh, and T. Tokioka, 1991: Local and remote responses to excessive snow mass over Eurasia appearing in the northern spring and summer climate—A study with the MRI GCM. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 69, 473–487.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yoon, J.-H., K. Mo, and E. F. Wood, 2012: Dynamic-model-based seasonal prediction of meteorological drought over the contiguous United States. J. Hydrometeor., 13, 463–482, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-11-038.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zar, J., 1998: Biostatistical Analysis. 4th ed. Pearson, 663 pp.

  • Zhang, P., S. Yang, and V. E. Kousky, 2005: South Asian high and Asian–Pacific–American climate teleconnection. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 22, 915–923, doi:10.1007/BF02918690.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhang, R., and Z. Zuo, 2011: Impact of spring soil moisture on surface energy balance and summer monsoon circulation over East Asia and precipitation in East China. J. Climate, 24, 3309–3322, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4084.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhang, Y., T. Li, and B. Wang, 2004: Decadal change of the spring snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau: The associated circulation and influence on the East Asian summer monsoon. J. Climate, 17, 2780–2793, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2780:DCOTSS>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, P., and L. Chen, 2001: Interannual variability of atmospheric heat source/sink over the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and its relation to circulation. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 106–116, doi:10.1007/s00376-001-0007-3.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, P., X. Zhang, X. Zhou, M. Ikeda, and Y. Yin, 2004: The sea ice extent anomaly in the North Pacific and its impact on the East Asian summer monsoon rainfall. J. Climate, 17, 3434–3447, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3434:TSIEAI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, P., Z. Zhou, and J. Liu, 2007a: Variability of Tibetan spring snow and its associations with the hemispheric extratropical circulation and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall: An observational investigation. J. Climate, 20, 3942–3954, doi:10.1175/JCLI4205.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, P., Y. Zhu, and R. Zhang, 2007b: An Asia-Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability. Climate Dyn., 29, 293–303, doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0236-y.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, P., X. Zhang, Y. Li, and J. Chen, 2009: Remotely modulated tropical-North Pacific ocean–atmosphere interactions by the South Asian high. Atmos. Res., 94, 45–60, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.01.018.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, P., Z. Cao, and J. Chen, 2010: A summer teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere and associated mechanisms. Climate Dyn., 35, 523–534, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0699-0.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, P., S. Yang, M. Jian, and J. Chen, 2011: Relative controls of Asian–Pacific summer climate by Asian land and tropical–North Pacific sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 24, 4165–4188, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3915.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, P., B. Wang, and X. Zhou, 2012: Boreal summer continental monsoon rainfall and hydroclimate anomalies associated with the Asian-Pacific Oscillation. Climate Dyn., 39, 1197–1207, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1348-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhou, X., P. Zhao, J. Chen, L. Chen, and W. Li, 2009: Impacts of thermodynamic processes over the Tibetan Plateau on the Northern Hemispheric climate. Sci. China, 52D, 1679–1693, doi:10.1007/s11430-009-0194-9.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zuo, Z., S. Yang, Z.-Z. Hu, R. Zhang, W. Wang, B. Huang, and F. Wang, 2013: Predictable patterns and predictive skills of monsoon precipitation in Northern Hemisphere summer in NCEP CFSv2 reforecasts. Climate Dyn., 40, 3071–3088, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1772-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 241 100 16
PDF Downloads 134 53 12