Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

What is the Role of Sea Surface Temperature in Modulating Cloud and Precipitation Properties over the Southern Ocean?

Yi Huang School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Steven T. Siems School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Michael J. Manton School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Daniel Rosenfeld Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

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Roger Marchand Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

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Greg M. McFarquhar Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

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Alain Protat Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Print Publication:
15 Oct 2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0768.1
Page(s):
7453–7476
Restricted access

Abstract

This study employs four years of spatiotemporally collocated A-Train satellite observations to investigate cloud and precipitation characteristics in relation to the underlying properties of the Southern Ocean (SO). Results show that liquid-phase cloud properties strongly correlate with the sea surface temperature (SST). In summer, ubiquitous supercooled liquid water (SLW) is observed over SSTs less than about 4°C. Cloud-top temperature (CTT) and effective radius of liquid-phase clouds generally decrease for colder SSTs, whereas the opposite trend is observed for cloud-top height, cloud optical thickness, and liquid water path. The deduced cloud depth is larger over the colder oceans. Notable differences are observed between “precipitating” and “nonprecipitating” clouds and between different ocean sectors. Using a novel joint SST–CTT histogram, two distinct liquid-phase cloud types are identified, where the retrieved particle size appears to increase with decreasing CTT over warmer water (SSTs >~7°C), while the opposite is true over colder water. A comparison with the Northern Hemisphere (NH) storm-track regions suggests that the ubiquitous SLW with markedly smaller droplet size is a unique feature for the cold SO (occurring where SSTs <~4°C), while the presence of this cloud type is much less frequent over the NH counterparts, where the SSTs are rarely colder than about 4°C at any time of the year. This study also suggests that precipitation, which has a profound influence on cloud properties, remains poorly observed over the SO with the current spaceborne sensors. Large uncertainties in precipitation properties are associated with the ubiquitous boundary layer clouds within the lowest kilometer of the atmosphere.

Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0768.s1.

Corresponding author address: Yi Huang, School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. E-mail: vivian.huang@monash.edu

Abstract

This study employs four years of spatiotemporally collocated A-Train satellite observations to investigate cloud and precipitation characteristics in relation to the underlying properties of the Southern Ocean (SO). Results show that liquid-phase cloud properties strongly correlate with the sea surface temperature (SST). In summer, ubiquitous supercooled liquid water (SLW) is observed over SSTs less than about 4°C. Cloud-top temperature (CTT) and effective radius of liquid-phase clouds generally decrease for colder SSTs, whereas the opposite trend is observed for cloud-top height, cloud optical thickness, and liquid water path. The deduced cloud depth is larger over the colder oceans. Notable differences are observed between “precipitating” and “nonprecipitating” clouds and between different ocean sectors. Using a novel joint SST–CTT histogram, two distinct liquid-phase cloud types are identified, where the retrieved particle size appears to increase with decreasing CTT over warmer water (SSTs >~7°C), while the opposite is true over colder water. A comparison with the Northern Hemisphere (NH) storm-track regions suggests that the ubiquitous SLW with markedly smaller droplet size is a unique feature for the cold SO (occurring where SSTs <~4°C), while the presence of this cloud type is much less frequent over the NH counterparts, where the SSTs are rarely colder than about 4°C at any time of the year. This study also suggests that precipitation, which has a profound influence on cloud properties, remains poorly observed over the SO with the current spaceborne sensors. Large uncertainties in precipitation properties are associated with the ubiquitous boundary layer clouds within the lowest kilometer of the atmosphere.

Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0768.s1.

Corresponding author address: Yi Huang, School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. E-mail: vivian.huang@monash.edu

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