Aiken, C. M., and M. H. England, 2008: Sensitivity of the present-day climate to freshwater forcing associated with Antarctic sea ice loss. J. Climate, 21, 3936–3946, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1901.1.
Barletta, V. R., L. S. Sorensen, and R. Forsberg, 2013: Scatter of mass changes estimates at basin scale for Greenland and Antarctica. Cryosphere, 7, 1411–1432, doi:10.5194/tc-7-1411-2013.
Beckmann, A., and H. Goosse, 2003: A parametrization of ice shelf–ocean interaction for climate models. Ocean Modell., 5, 157–170, doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00019-7.
Bintanja, R., G. J. van Oldenborgh, S. S. Drijfhout, B. Wouters, and C. A. Katsman, 2013: Important role for ocean warming and increased ice-shelf melt in Antarctic sea ice expansion. Nat. Geosci., 6, 376–379, doi:10.1038/ngeo1767.
Bintanja, R., G. J. van Oldenborgh, and C. A. Katsman, 2015: The effect of increased fresh water from Antarctic ice shelves on future trends in Antarctic sea ice. Ann. Glaciol., 56, 120–126, doi:10.3189/2015AoG69A001.
Depoorter, M. A., J. L. Bamber, J. A. Griggs, J. T. M. Lenaerts, S. R. M. Ligtenburg, M. R. van den Broeke, and G. Moholdt, 2013: Calving fluxes and basal melt rates of Antarctic ice shelves. Nature, 502, 89–92, doi:10.1038/nature12567.
Ding, Q. H., E. J. Steig, D. S. Battisti, and M. Kuttel, 2011: Winter warming in West Antarctica caused by central tropical Pacific warming. Nat. Geosci., 4, 398–403, doi:10.1038/ngeo1129.
Eisenman, I., W. N. Meier, and J. R. Norris, 2014: A spurious jump in the satellite record: Has Antarctic sea ice expansion been overestimated? Cryosphere, 8, 1289–1296, doi:10.5194/tc-8-1289-2014.
Fan, T., C. Deser, and D. P. Schneider, 2014: Recent Antarctic sea ice trends in the context of Southern Ocean surface climate variations since 1950. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2419–2426, doi:10.1002/2014GL059239.
Ferreira, D., J. Marshall, C. M. Bitz, S. Solomon, and A. Plumb, 2015: Antarctic ocean and sea ice response to ozone depletion: A two-time-scale problem. J. Climate, 28, 1206–1226, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00313.1.
Flato, G., and Coauthors, 2013: Evaluation of climate models. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 126 pp. [Available online at https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter09_FINAL.pdf.]
Gille, S. T., 2008: Decadal-scale temperature trends in the Southern Hemisphere ocean. J. Climate, 21, 4749–4765, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2131.1.
Goosse, H., and V. Zunz, 2014: Decadal trends in the Antarctic sea ice extent ultimately controlled by ice–ocean feedback. Cryosphere, 8, 453–470, doi:10.5194/tc-8-453-2014.
Hellmer, H. H., 2004: Impact of Antarctic ice shelf basal melting on sea ice and deep ocean properties. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10307, doi:10.1029/2004gl019506.
Holland, M. M., E. Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, J. Kay, and S. Vavrus, 2013: Initial-value predictability of Antarctic sea ice in the Community Climate System Model 3. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2121–2124, doi:10.1002/grl.50410.
Holland, P. R., and R. Kwok, 2012: Wind-driven trends in Antarctic sea ice drift. Nat. Geosci., 5, 872–875, doi:10.1038/ngeo1627.
Holland, P. R., N. Bruneau, C. Enright, M. Losch, N. T. Kurtz, and R. Kwok, 2014: Modeled trends in Antarctic sea ice thickness. J. Climate, 27, 3784–3801, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00301.1.
Hurrell, J. W., and Coauthors, 2013: The Community Earth System Model: A framework for collaborative research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1339–1360, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121.1.
Jacobs, S. S., A. Jenkins, C. F. Giulivi, and P. Dutrieux, 2011: Stronger ocean circulation and increased melting under Pine Island Glacier ice shelf. Nat. Geosci., 4, 519–523, doi:10.1038/ngeo1188.
Jongma, J. I., E. Driesschaert, T. Fichefet, H. Goosse, and H. Renssen, 2009: The effect of dynamic–thermodynamic icebergs on the Southern Ocean in a three-dimensional model. Ocean Modell., 26, 104–113, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.09.007.
Kay, J. E., and Coauthors, 2015: The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble Project: A community resource for studying climate change in the presence of internal climate variability. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 96, 1333–1349, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00255.1.
King, M. A., R. J. Bingham, P. Moore, P. L. Whitehouse, M. J. Bentley, and G. A. Milne, 2012: Lower satellite-gravimetry estimates of Antarctic sea-level contribution. Nature, 491, 586–589, doi:10.1038/nature11621.
Li, X. C., D. M. Holland, E. P. Gerber, and C. Yoo, 2014: Impacts of the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean on the Antarctic Peninsula and sea ice. Nature, 505, 538–542, doi:10.1038/nature12945.
Liston, G. E., and J.-G. Winther, 2005: Antarctic surface and subsurface snow and ice melt fluxes. J. Climate, 18, 1469–1481, doi:10.1175/JCLI3344.1.
Maksym, T., S. E. Stammerjohn, S. Ackley, and R. Massom, 2012: Antarctic sea ice—A polar opposite? Oceanography, 25, 140–151, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.88.
Martin, T., and A. Adcroft, 2010: Parameterizing the fresh-water flux from land ice to ocean with interactive icebergs in a coupled climate model. Ocean Modell., 34, 111–124, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.05.001.
McMillan, M., A. Shepherd, A. Sundal, K. Briggs, A. Muir, A. Ridout, A. Hogg, and D. Wingham, 2014: Increased ice losses from Antarctica detected by CryoSat-2. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3899–3905, doi:10.1002/2014GL060111.
Oleson, K. W., and Coauthors, 2013: Technical description of version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (CLM). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-503+STR, 233 pp., doi:10.5065/D6RR1W7M.
Paolo, F. S., H. A. Fricker, and L. Padman, 2015: Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating. Science, 348, 327–331, doi:10.1126/science.aaa0940.
Polvani, L. M., and K. L. Smith, 2013: Can natural variability explain observed Antarctic sea ice trends? New modelling evidence from CMIP5. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3195–3199, doi:10.1002/grl.50578.
Renwick, J. A., A. Kohout, and S. Dean, 2012: Atmospheric forcing of Antarctic sea ice on intraseasonal time scales. J. Climate, 25, 5962–5975, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00423.1.
Rignot, E., I. Velicogna, M. R. van den Broeke, A. Monaghan, and J. Lenaerts, 2011: Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L05503, doi:10.1029/2011GL047109.
Rignot, E., S. Jacobs, J. Mouginot, and B. Scheuchl, 2013: Ice-shelf melting around Antarctica. Science, 341, 266–270, doi:10.1126/science.1235798.
Rye, C. D., A. C. N. Garabato, P. R. Holland, M. P. Meredith, A. J. G. Nurser, C. W. Hughes, A. C. Coward, and D. J. Webb, 2014: Rapid sea-level rise along the Antarctic margins in response to increased glacial discharge. Nat. Geosci., 7, 732–735, doi:10.1038/ngeo2230.
Screen, J. A., and I. Simmonds, 2010: The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Artic temperature amplification. Nature, 464, 1334–1337, doi:10.1038/nature09051.
Shepherd, A., D. Wingham, D. Wallis, K. Giles, S. Laxon, and A. V. Sundal, 2010: Recent loss of floating ice and the consequent sea level contribution. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13503, doi:10.1029/2010GL042496.
Shepherd, A., and Coauthors, 2012: A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass balance. Science, 338, 1183–1189, doi:10.1126/science.1228102.
Stammerjohn, S. E., D. G. Martinson, R. C. Smith, X. Yuan, and D. Rind, 2008: Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode variability. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 113, C03S90, doi:10.1029/2007JC004269.
Sutterley, T. C., I. Velicogna, E. Rignot, J. Mouginot, T. Flament, M. R. van den Broeke, J. M. van Wessem, and C. H. Reijmer, 2014: Mass loss of the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica from four independent techniques. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8421–8428, doi:10.1002/2014GL061940.
Swart, N. C., and J. C. Fyfe, 2013: The influence of recent Antarctic ice sheet retreat on simulated sea ice area trends. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 4328–4332, doi:10.1002/grl.50820.
Swingedouw, D., T. Fichefet, P. Huybrechts, H. Goosse, E. Driesschaert, and M.-F. Loutre, 2008: Antarctic ice-sheet melting provides negative feedbacks on future climate warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17705, doi:10.1029/2008GL034410.
Taylor, K. E., R. J. Stouffer, and G. A. Meehl, 2012: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 485–498, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1.
Timmermann, R., and Coauthors, 2010: A consistent dataset of Antarctic ice sheet topography, cavity geometry, and global bathymetry. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2, 261–273, doi:10.5194/essd-2-261-2010.
Turner, J., and Coauthors, 2009: Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08502, doi:10.1029/2009GL037524.
Turner, J., J. S. Hosking, T. Phillips, and G. J. Marhsall, 2013: Temporal and spatial evolution of the Antarctic sea ice prior to the September 2012 record maximum extent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5894–5898, doi:10.1002/2013GL058371.
Vaughan, D. G., and Coauthors, 2013: Observations: Cryosphere. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 66 pp. [Available online at https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter04_FINAL.pdf.]
Velicogna, I., and J. Wahr, 2013: Time-variable gravity observations of ice sheet mass balance: Precision and limitations of the GRACE satellite data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3055–3063, doi:10.1002/grl.50527.
Williams, S. D. P., P. Moore, M. A. King, and P. L. Whitehouse, 2014: Revisiting GRACE Antarctic ice mass trends and accelerations considering autocorrelation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 385, 12–21, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.016.
Zunz, V., and H. Goosse, 2015: Influence of freshwater input on the skill of decadal forecast of sea ice in the Southern Ocean. Cryosphere, 9, 541–556, doi:10.5194/tc-9-541-2015.
Zunz, V., H. Goosse, and F. Massonet, 2013: How does internal variability influence the ability of CMIP5 models to reproduce the recent trend in Southern Ocean sea ice extent. Cryosphere, 7, 451–468, doi:10.5194/tc-7-451-2013.
Zwally, H. J., M. B. Giovinetto, J. Li, H. G. Cornejo, M. A. Beckley, A. C. Brenner, J. L. Saba, and D. H. Yi, 2005: Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992–2002. J. Glaciol., 51, 509–527, doi:10.3189/172756505781829007.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Displayed acceptance dates for articles published prior to 2023 are approximate to within a week. If needed, exact acceptance dates can be obtained by emailing amsjol@ametsoc.org.
The possibility that recent Antarctic sea ice expansion resulted from an increase in freshwater reaching the Southern Ocean is investigated here. The freshwater flux from ice sheet and ice shelf mass imbalance is largely missing in models that participated in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). However, on average, precipitation minus evaporation (P − E) reaching the Southern Ocean has increased in CMIP5 models to a present value that is about 
The possibility that recent Antarctic sea ice expansion resulted from an increase in freshwater reaching the Southern Ocean is investigated here. The freshwater flux from ice sheet and ice shelf mass imbalance is largely missing in models that participated in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). However, on average, precipitation minus evaporation (P − E) reaching the Southern Ocean has increased in CMIP5 models to a present value that is about
Aiken, C. M., and M. H. England, 2008: Sensitivity of the present-day climate to freshwater forcing associated with Antarctic sea ice loss. J. Climate, 21, 3936–3946, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1901.1.
Barletta, V. R., L. S. Sorensen, and R. Forsberg, 2013: Scatter of mass changes estimates at basin scale for Greenland and Antarctica. Cryosphere, 7, 1411–1432, doi:10.5194/tc-7-1411-2013.
Beckmann, A., and H. Goosse, 2003: A parametrization of ice shelf–ocean interaction for climate models. Ocean Modell., 5, 157–170, doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00019-7.
Bintanja, R., G. J. van Oldenborgh, S. S. Drijfhout, B. Wouters, and C. A. Katsman, 2013: Important role for ocean warming and increased ice-shelf melt in Antarctic sea ice expansion. Nat. Geosci., 6, 376–379, doi:10.1038/ngeo1767.
Bintanja, R., G. J. van Oldenborgh, and C. A. Katsman, 2015: The effect of increased fresh water from Antarctic ice shelves on future trends in Antarctic sea ice. Ann. Glaciol., 56, 120–126, doi:10.3189/2015AoG69A001.
Depoorter, M. A., J. L. Bamber, J. A. Griggs, J. T. M. Lenaerts, S. R. M. Ligtenburg, M. R. van den Broeke, and G. Moholdt, 2013: Calving fluxes and basal melt rates of Antarctic ice shelves. Nature, 502, 89–92, doi:10.1038/nature12567.
Ding, Q. H., E. J. Steig, D. S. Battisti, and M. Kuttel, 2011: Winter warming in West Antarctica caused by central tropical Pacific warming. Nat. Geosci., 4, 398–403, doi:10.1038/ngeo1129.
Eisenman, I., W. N. Meier, and J. R. Norris, 2014: A spurious jump in the satellite record: Has Antarctic sea ice expansion been overestimated? Cryosphere, 8, 1289–1296, doi:10.5194/tc-8-1289-2014.
Fan, T., C. Deser, and D. P. Schneider, 2014: Recent Antarctic sea ice trends in the context of Southern Ocean surface climate variations since 1950. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2419–2426, doi:10.1002/2014GL059239.
Ferreira, D., J. Marshall, C. M. Bitz, S. Solomon, and A. Plumb, 2015: Antarctic ocean and sea ice response to ozone depletion: A two-time-scale problem. J. Climate, 28, 1206–1226, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00313.1.
Flato, G., and Coauthors, 2013: Evaluation of climate models. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 126 pp. [Available online at https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter09_FINAL.pdf.]
Gille, S. T., 2008: Decadal-scale temperature trends in the Southern Hemisphere ocean. J. Climate, 21, 4749–4765, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2131.1.
Goosse, H., and V. Zunz, 2014: Decadal trends in the Antarctic sea ice extent ultimately controlled by ice–ocean feedback. Cryosphere, 8, 453–470, doi:10.5194/tc-8-453-2014.
Hellmer, H. H., 2004: Impact of Antarctic ice shelf basal melting on sea ice and deep ocean properties. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10307, doi:10.1029/2004gl019506.
Holland, M. M., E. Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, J. Kay, and S. Vavrus, 2013: Initial-value predictability of Antarctic sea ice in the Community Climate System Model 3. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2121–2124, doi:10.1002/grl.50410.
Holland, P. R., and R. Kwok, 2012: Wind-driven trends in Antarctic sea ice drift. Nat. Geosci., 5, 872–875, doi:10.1038/ngeo1627.
Holland, P. R., N. Bruneau, C. Enright, M. Losch, N. T. Kurtz, and R. Kwok, 2014: Modeled trends in Antarctic sea ice thickness. J. Climate, 27, 3784–3801, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00301.1.
Hurrell, J. W., and Coauthors, 2013: The Community Earth System Model: A framework for collaborative research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1339–1360, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121.1.
Jacobs, S. S., A. Jenkins, C. F. Giulivi, and P. Dutrieux, 2011: Stronger ocean circulation and increased melting under Pine Island Glacier ice shelf. Nat. Geosci., 4, 519–523, doi:10.1038/ngeo1188.
Jongma, J. I., E. Driesschaert, T. Fichefet, H. Goosse, and H. Renssen, 2009: The effect of dynamic–thermodynamic icebergs on the Southern Ocean in a three-dimensional model. Ocean Modell., 26, 104–113, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.09.007.
Kay, J. E., and Coauthors, 2015: The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble Project: A community resource for studying climate change in the presence of internal climate variability. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 96, 1333–1349, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00255.1.
King, M. A., R. J. Bingham, P. Moore, P. L. Whitehouse, M. J. Bentley, and G. A. Milne, 2012: Lower satellite-gravimetry estimates of Antarctic sea-level contribution. Nature, 491, 586–589, doi:10.1038/nature11621.
Li, X. C., D. M. Holland, E. P. Gerber, and C. Yoo, 2014: Impacts of the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean on the Antarctic Peninsula and sea ice. Nature, 505, 538–542, doi:10.1038/nature12945.
Liston, G. E., and J.-G. Winther, 2005: Antarctic surface and subsurface snow and ice melt fluxes. J. Climate, 18, 1469–1481, doi:10.1175/JCLI3344.1.
Maksym, T., S. E. Stammerjohn, S. Ackley, and R. Massom, 2012: Antarctic sea ice—A polar opposite? Oceanography, 25, 140–151, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.88.
Martin, T., and A. Adcroft, 2010: Parameterizing the fresh-water flux from land ice to ocean with interactive icebergs in a coupled climate model. Ocean Modell., 34, 111–124, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.05.001.
McMillan, M., A. Shepherd, A. Sundal, K. Briggs, A. Muir, A. Ridout, A. Hogg, and D. Wingham, 2014: Increased ice losses from Antarctica detected by CryoSat-2. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3899–3905, doi:10.1002/2014GL060111.
Oleson, K. W., and Coauthors, 2013: Technical description of version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (CLM). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-503+STR, 233 pp., doi:10.5065/D6RR1W7M.
Paolo, F. S., H. A. Fricker, and L. Padman, 2015: Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating. Science, 348, 327–331, doi:10.1126/science.aaa0940.
Polvani, L. M., and K. L. Smith, 2013: Can natural variability explain observed Antarctic sea ice trends? New modelling evidence from CMIP5. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3195–3199, doi:10.1002/grl.50578.
Renwick, J. A., A. Kohout, and S. Dean, 2012: Atmospheric forcing of Antarctic sea ice on intraseasonal time scales. J. Climate, 25, 5962–5975, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00423.1.
Rignot, E., I. Velicogna, M. R. van den Broeke, A. Monaghan, and J. Lenaerts, 2011: Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L05503, doi:10.1029/2011GL047109.
Rignot, E., S. Jacobs, J. Mouginot, and B. Scheuchl, 2013: Ice-shelf melting around Antarctica. Science, 341, 266–270, doi:10.1126/science.1235798.
Rye, C. D., A. C. N. Garabato, P. R. Holland, M. P. Meredith, A. J. G. Nurser, C. W. Hughes, A. C. Coward, and D. J. Webb, 2014: Rapid sea-level rise along the Antarctic margins in response to increased glacial discharge. Nat. Geosci., 7, 732–735, doi:10.1038/ngeo2230.
Screen, J. A., and I. Simmonds, 2010: The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Artic temperature amplification. Nature, 464, 1334–1337, doi:10.1038/nature09051.
Shepherd, A., D. Wingham, D. Wallis, K. Giles, S. Laxon, and A. V. Sundal, 2010: Recent loss of floating ice and the consequent sea level contribution. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13503, doi:10.1029/2010GL042496.
Shepherd, A., and Coauthors, 2012: A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass balance. Science, 338, 1183–1189, doi:10.1126/science.1228102.
Stammerjohn, S. E., D. G. Martinson, R. C. Smith, X. Yuan, and D. Rind, 2008: Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode variability. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 113, C03S90, doi:10.1029/2007JC004269.
Sutterley, T. C., I. Velicogna, E. Rignot, J. Mouginot, T. Flament, M. R. van den Broeke, J. M. van Wessem, and C. H. Reijmer, 2014: Mass loss of the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica from four independent techniques. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8421–8428, doi:10.1002/2014GL061940.
Swart, N. C., and J. C. Fyfe, 2013: The influence of recent Antarctic ice sheet retreat on simulated sea ice area trends. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 4328–4332, doi:10.1002/grl.50820.
Swingedouw, D., T. Fichefet, P. Huybrechts, H. Goosse, E. Driesschaert, and M.-F. Loutre, 2008: Antarctic ice-sheet melting provides negative feedbacks on future climate warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17705, doi:10.1029/2008GL034410.
Taylor, K. E., R. J. Stouffer, and G. A. Meehl, 2012: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 485–498, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1.
Timmermann, R., and Coauthors, 2010: A consistent dataset of Antarctic ice sheet topography, cavity geometry, and global bathymetry. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2, 261–273, doi:10.5194/essd-2-261-2010.
Turner, J., and Coauthors, 2009: Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08502, doi:10.1029/2009GL037524.
Turner, J., J. S. Hosking, T. Phillips, and G. J. Marhsall, 2013: Temporal and spatial evolution of the Antarctic sea ice prior to the September 2012 record maximum extent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5894–5898, doi:10.1002/2013GL058371.
Vaughan, D. G., and Coauthors, 2013: Observations: Cryosphere. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 66 pp. [Available online at https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter04_FINAL.pdf.]
Velicogna, I., and J. Wahr, 2013: Time-variable gravity observations of ice sheet mass balance: Precision and limitations of the GRACE satellite data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3055–3063, doi:10.1002/grl.50527.
Williams, S. D. P., P. Moore, M. A. King, and P. L. Whitehouse, 2014: Revisiting GRACE Antarctic ice mass trends and accelerations considering autocorrelation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 385, 12–21, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.016.
Zunz, V., and H. Goosse, 2015: Influence of freshwater input on the skill of decadal forecast of sea ice in the Southern Ocean. Cryosphere, 9, 541–556, doi:10.5194/tc-9-541-2015.
Zunz, V., H. Goosse, and F. Massonet, 2013: How does internal variability influence the ability of CMIP5 models to reproduce the recent trend in Southern Ocean sea ice extent. Cryosphere, 7, 451–468, doi:10.5194/tc-7-451-2013.
Zwally, H. J., M. B. Giovinetto, J. Li, H. G. Cornejo, M. A. Beckley, A. C. Brenner, J. L. Saba, and D. H. Yi, 2005: Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992–2002. J. Glaciol., 51, 509–527, doi:10.3189/172756505781829007.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 1472 | 455 | 83 |
| PDF Downloads | 1055 | 303 | 36 |
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