Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Quantification of Warming Climate-Induced Changes in Terrestrial Arctic River Ice Thickness and Phenology

Hotaek Park * Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan

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Yasuhiro Yoshikawa Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Hokkaido, Japan

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Kazuhiro Oshima * Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan

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Youngwook Kim Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana

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Thanh Ngo-Duc Department of Meteorology and Climate Change, Hanoi College of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam

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John S. Kimball Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana

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Daqing Yang National Hydrology Research Centre, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

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Print Publication:
01 Mar 2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0569.1
Page(s):
1733–1754
Restricted access

Abstract

A land process model [the coupled hydrological and biogeochemical model (CHANGE)] is used to quantitatively assess changes in the ice phenology, thickness, and volume of terrestrial Arctic rivers from 1979 to 2009. The CHANGE model was coupled with a river routing and discharge model enabling explicit representation of river ice and water temperature dynamics. Model-simulated river ice phenological dates and thickness were generally consistent with in situ river ice data and landscape freeze–thaw (FT) satellite observations. Climate data indicated an increasing trend in winter surface air temperature (SAT) over the pan-Arctic during the study period. Nevertheless, the river ice thickness simulations exhibited a thickening regional trend independent of SAT warming, and associated with less insulation and cooling of underlying river ice by thinning snow cover. Deeper snow depth (SND) combined with SAT warming decreased simulated ice thickness, especially for Siberian rivers, where ice thickness is more strongly correlated with SND than SAT. Overall, the Arctic river ice simulations indicated regional trends toward later fall freezeup, earlier spring breakup, and consequently a longer annual ice-free period. The simulated ice phenological dates were significantly correlated with seasonal SAT warming. It is found that SND is an important factor for winter river ice growth, while ice phenological timing is dominated by seasonal SAT. The mean total Arctic river ice volume simulated from CHANGE was 54.1 km3 based on the annual maximum ice thickness in individual grid cells, while river ice volume for the pan-Arctic rivers decreased by 2.82 km3 (0.5%) over the 1979–2009 record. Arctic river ice is shrinking as a consequence of regional climate warming and coincident with other cryospheric components, including permafrost, glaciers, and sea ice.

Corresponding author address: Hotaek Park, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, 2-15 Natsushimacho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan. E-mail: park@jamstec.go.jp

Abstract

A land process model [the coupled hydrological and biogeochemical model (CHANGE)] is used to quantitatively assess changes in the ice phenology, thickness, and volume of terrestrial Arctic rivers from 1979 to 2009. The CHANGE model was coupled with a river routing and discharge model enabling explicit representation of river ice and water temperature dynamics. Model-simulated river ice phenological dates and thickness were generally consistent with in situ river ice data and landscape freeze–thaw (FT) satellite observations. Climate data indicated an increasing trend in winter surface air temperature (SAT) over the pan-Arctic during the study period. Nevertheless, the river ice thickness simulations exhibited a thickening regional trend independent of SAT warming, and associated with less insulation and cooling of underlying river ice by thinning snow cover. Deeper snow depth (SND) combined with SAT warming decreased simulated ice thickness, especially for Siberian rivers, where ice thickness is more strongly correlated with SND than SAT. Overall, the Arctic river ice simulations indicated regional trends toward later fall freezeup, earlier spring breakup, and consequently a longer annual ice-free period. The simulated ice phenological dates were significantly correlated with seasonal SAT warming. It is found that SND is an important factor for winter river ice growth, while ice phenological timing is dominated by seasonal SAT. The mean total Arctic river ice volume simulated from CHANGE was 54.1 km3 based on the annual maximum ice thickness in individual grid cells, while river ice volume for the pan-Arctic rivers decreased by 2.82 km3 (0.5%) over the 1979–2009 record. Arctic river ice is shrinking as a consequence of regional climate warming and coincident with other cryospheric components, including permafrost, glaciers, and sea ice.

Corresponding author address: Hotaek Park, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, JAMSTEC, 2-15 Natsushimacho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan. E-mail: park@jamstec.go.jp
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