Interdecadal Variation of Precipitation over the Hengduan Mountains during Rainy Seasons

Danhong Dong State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Weichen Tao State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland

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William K. M. Lau Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland

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Zhanqing Li Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland
State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

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Gang Huang State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing, China

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Pengfei Wang State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Abstract

The present study investigates the interdecadal variation of precipitation over the Hengduan Mountains (HM) during rainy seasons from various reanalysis and observational datasets. Based on a moving t test and Lepage test, an obvious rainfall decrease is identified around 2004/05. The spatial distribution of the rainfall changes exhibits large and significant precipitation deficits over the southern HM, with notable anomalous lower-level easterly divergent winds along the southern foothills of the Himalayas (SFH). The anomalous easterlies are located at the northern edge of two cyclones, with two centers of positive rainfall anomalies over the west coast of India (WCI) and the Bay of Bengal (BOB). Observational evidence and numerical experiments demonstrate that the decadal changes of SST over the WP and WIO suppress rainfall over the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) through large-scale circulation adjustment. The EIO dry anomalies trigger the cross-equatorial anticyclonic wind anomalies as a Rossby wave response, and further cause anomalous meridional circulation and moisture transport over the WCI and BOB, favoring the rainfall increase there. The anomalous easterlies at the northern edge of two cyclones induced by the wet anomalies–related heating cause the divergence anomalies along the SFH, resulting in the reduction of precipitation in the HM. In turn, the two anomalous cyclones and dry anomalies have positive feedback on the wet and easterly wind anomalies, respectively, emphasizing the importance of the circulation–heating interaction.

Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0670.s1.

© 2019 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Weichen Tao, tao@mail.iap.ac.cn

Abstract

The present study investigates the interdecadal variation of precipitation over the Hengduan Mountains (HM) during rainy seasons from various reanalysis and observational datasets. Based on a moving t test and Lepage test, an obvious rainfall decrease is identified around 2004/05. The spatial distribution of the rainfall changes exhibits large and significant precipitation deficits over the southern HM, with notable anomalous lower-level easterly divergent winds along the southern foothills of the Himalayas (SFH). The anomalous easterlies are located at the northern edge of two cyclones, with two centers of positive rainfall anomalies over the west coast of India (WCI) and the Bay of Bengal (BOB). Observational evidence and numerical experiments demonstrate that the decadal changes of SST over the WP and WIO suppress rainfall over the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) through large-scale circulation adjustment. The EIO dry anomalies trigger the cross-equatorial anticyclonic wind anomalies as a Rossby wave response, and further cause anomalous meridional circulation and moisture transport over the WCI and BOB, favoring the rainfall increase there. The anomalous easterlies at the northern edge of two cyclones induced by the wet anomalies–related heating cause the divergence anomalies along the SFH, resulting in the reduction of precipitation in the HM. In turn, the two anomalous cyclones and dry anomalies have positive feedback on the wet and easterly wind anomalies, respectively, emphasizing the importance of the circulation–heating interaction.

Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0670.s1.

© 2019 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Weichen Tao, tao@mail.iap.ac.cn

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