Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Changes in the Relationship between ENSO and the Winter Arctic Stratospheric Polar Vortex in Recent Decades

Ruhua Zhang aDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
bSchool of Energy and Environment, Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Center, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Wen Zhou aDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
bSchool of Energy and Environment, Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Center, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Wenshou Tian cKey Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

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Yue Zhang aDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
bSchool of Energy and Environment, Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Center, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Zhenchen Liu aDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
bSchool of Energy and Environment, Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Center, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Paxson K. Y. Cheung bSchool of Energy and Environment, Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Center, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

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Online Publication:
21 Jul 2022
Print Publication:
15 Aug 2022
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0924.1
Page(s):
5399–5414
Restricted access

Abstract

The impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the winter stratospheric polar vortex intensity (PVI) is re-examined, using JRA-55 datasets and the CESM2 model. Our results show that the negative correlation between ENSO and PVI has weakened in recent decades and is no longer statistically significant after the mid-1990s. This weakening ENSO–PVI relationship after the mid-1990s is associated with wave-1 fluxes entering the stratosphere; that is, the ENSO-induced increasing wave-1 fluxes are weaker after the mid-1990s than before the mid-1990s. Except for the Pacific–North America (PNA)-like wave train, the stratospheric wave flux changes are related to ENSO-induced geopotential height changes over East Asia. The ENSO-induced tropical zonal circulation anomalies are enhanced from the central Pacific to East Asia, leading to more substantial wave flux anomalies propagating westward from the central Pacific to East Asia and a more significant high center over Northeast Asia after the mid-1990s than before the mid-1990s. This ENSO-induced high center after the mid-1990s is out of phase with the climatological center of wave 1, leading to a relatively weaker increase in wave 1. Model results show that changes in the ENSO–PVI relationship and ENSO–Asia circulation are associated with changes in ENSO-related SST combined with global mean SST.

Significance Statement

In this study, changes in the ENSO–polar vortex relationship and the relevant mechanisms are analyzed from the perspective of the ENSO-induced East Asia circulation. The results can help us better understand and predict variations in the stratospheric polar vortex.

© 2022 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Wen Zhou, wen_zhou@fudan.edu.cn

Abstract

The impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the winter stratospheric polar vortex intensity (PVI) is re-examined, using JRA-55 datasets and the CESM2 model. Our results show that the negative correlation between ENSO and PVI has weakened in recent decades and is no longer statistically significant after the mid-1990s. This weakening ENSO–PVI relationship after the mid-1990s is associated with wave-1 fluxes entering the stratosphere; that is, the ENSO-induced increasing wave-1 fluxes are weaker after the mid-1990s than before the mid-1990s. Except for the Pacific–North America (PNA)-like wave train, the stratospheric wave flux changes are related to ENSO-induced geopotential height changes over East Asia. The ENSO-induced tropical zonal circulation anomalies are enhanced from the central Pacific to East Asia, leading to more substantial wave flux anomalies propagating westward from the central Pacific to East Asia and a more significant high center over Northeast Asia after the mid-1990s than before the mid-1990s. This ENSO-induced high center after the mid-1990s is out of phase with the climatological center of wave 1, leading to a relatively weaker increase in wave 1. Model results show that changes in the ENSO–PVI relationship and ENSO–Asia circulation are associated with changes in ENSO-related SST combined with global mean SST.

Significance Statement

In this study, changes in the ENSO–polar vortex relationship and the relevant mechanisms are analyzed from the perspective of the ENSO-induced East Asia circulation. The results can help us better understand and predict variations in the stratospheric polar vortex.

© 2022 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Wen Zhou, wen_zhou@fudan.edu.cn
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