Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Prediction of Intermonth Modes of Winter Air Temperature over China

Hongqing Yang aSchool of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China

Search for other papers by Hongqing Yang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Ke Fan aSchool of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China

Search for other papers by Ke Fan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
, and
Haixia Dai bKey Laboratory of Polar Science, MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China

Search for other papers by Haixia Dai in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Online Publication:
18 May 2023
Print Publication:
15 Jun 2023
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0685.1
Page(s):
4031–4049
Restricted access

Abstract

The features and causes of the leading intermonth modes of winter surface air temperature anomalies (SATA) over China are investigated, and associated prediction models are developed. The first three intermonth modes of winter SATA over China are obtained by extended empirical orthogonal function (i.e., EEOF1–3) analysis. The results show that EEOF1 represents consistent variations in the whole winter, with a variance contribution of 32.3%, whereas EEOF2 and EEOF3 show spatiotemporally inconsistent changes, and their variance contributions are 16.9% and 12.5%, respectively. EEOF2 has out-of-phase variations between December and January–February, and EEOF3 exhibits a temporal warm–cold alternating pattern, with spatially reversing changes over northwestern and southern China. However, the Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2) presents a limited prediction skill for winter SATA over China and their intermonth modes. Further investigations indicate that the September sea ice over the Barents–Laptev Seas, the November snow cover over western Europe and East Asia, and the November northern Atlantic sea surface temperature can be, respectively, adopted to develop prediction schemes for the consistent mode (EEOF1 scheme) and two inconsistent modes (EEOF2 and EEOF3 schemes) based on specific mechanisms. These schemes show effective performances in predicting both individual modes and the reconstruction field of SATA over China. The temporal correlation coefficients (TCCs) between cross-validation results and observations are 0.48, 0.51, and 0.31 for the EEOF1–3 modes, respectively (the 90% confidence level is 0.27). For the reconstruction field, the TCCs are 0.40, 0.27, and 0.45 in December, January, and February, respectively, which are much higher than those of the CFSv2 outputs (0.23, −0.16, and −0.09).

© 2023 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Ke Fan, fank8@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Abstract

The features and causes of the leading intermonth modes of winter surface air temperature anomalies (SATA) over China are investigated, and associated prediction models are developed. The first three intermonth modes of winter SATA over China are obtained by extended empirical orthogonal function (i.e., EEOF1–3) analysis. The results show that EEOF1 represents consistent variations in the whole winter, with a variance contribution of 32.3%, whereas EEOF2 and EEOF3 show spatiotemporally inconsistent changes, and their variance contributions are 16.9% and 12.5%, respectively. EEOF2 has out-of-phase variations between December and January–February, and EEOF3 exhibits a temporal warm–cold alternating pattern, with spatially reversing changes over northwestern and southern China. However, the Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2) presents a limited prediction skill for winter SATA over China and their intermonth modes. Further investigations indicate that the September sea ice over the Barents–Laptev Seas, the November snow cover over western Europe and East Asia, and the November northern Atlantic sea surface temperature can be, respectively, adopted to develop prediction schemes for the consistent mode (EEOF1 scheme) and two inconsistent modes (EEOF2 and EEOF3 schemes) based on specific mechanisms. These schemes show effective performances in predicting both individual modes and the reconstruction field of SATA over China. The temporal correlation coefficients (TCCs) between cross-validation results and observations are 0.48, 0.51, and 0.31 for the EEOF1–3 modes, respectively (the 90% confidence level is 0.27). For the reconstruction field, the TCCs are 0.40, 0.27, and 0.45 in December, January, and February, respectively, which are much higher than those of the CFSv2 outputs (0.23, −0.16, and −0.09).

© 2023 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Ke Fan, fank8@mail.sysu.edu.cn
Save
Cover Journal of Climate
Journal of Climate

  • Ai, W., W. Dong, and P. Zhang, 2008: A downscaling method based on the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and its application in seasonal prediction (in Chinese). J. Trop. Meteor., 24, 320–326, https://doi.org/10.16032/j.issn.1004-4965.2008.04.002.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Baldwin, M. P., and D. W. J. Thompson, 2009: A critical comparison of stratosphere–troposphere coupling indices. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1661–1672, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.479.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, H., and Z. Sun, 2003: The effects of Eurasian snow cover anomaly on winter atmospheric general circulation. Part I. Observational studies (in Chinese). Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 304–316, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2003.03.02.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, H., Z. Sun, and W. Zhu, 2003: The effects of Eurasian snow cover anomaly on winter atmospheric general circulation. Part II. Model simulation (in Chinese). Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 847–860, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2003.05.06.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, S. Y., Y. Zhang, Q. Xia, D. Y. Bai, and X. F. Zhang, 2009: Analysis of relationship between winter air temperature in eastern China and sea surface temperature anomaly (in Chinese). Plateau Meteor., 28, 1181–1188.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, X. L., H. B. Wu, G. L. Ding, and X. He, 2007: Ensemble canonical correlation prediction method of winter temperature over China (in Chinese). Trans. Atmos. Sci., 30, 623–631.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, Z., R. Wu, and W. Chen, 2014: Impacts of autumn Arctic sea ice concentration changes on the East Asian winter monsoon variability. J. Climate, 27, 5433–5450, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00731.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chu, J.-L., H. Kang, C.-Y. Tam, C.-K. Park, and C.-T. Chen, 2008: Seasonal forecast for local precipitation over northern Taiwan using statistical downscaling. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12118, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009424.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cohen, J., M. Barlow, P. J. Kushner, and K. Saito, 2007: Stratosphere–troposphere coupling and links with Eurasian land surface variability. J. Climate, 20, 5335–5343, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1725.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cohen, J., M. Barlow, and K. Saito, 2009: Decadal fluctuations in planetary wave forcing modulate global warming in late boreal winter. J. Climate, 22, 4418–4426, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2931.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dai, G., C. Li, Z. Han, D. Luo, and Y. Yao, 2022: The nature and predictability of the East Asian extreme cold events of 2020/21. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 39, 566–575, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-1057-3.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dai, H., and K. Fan, 2020: Skilful two-month-leading hybrid climate prediction for winter temperature over China. Int. J. Climatol., 40, 4922–4943, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6497.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dai, H., and K. Fan, 2022: Subseasonal reversal of winter temperature over northeast China in 2014/2015: Role of Arctic sea ice. Front. Environ. Sci., 10, 852673, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.852673.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dai, H., K. Fan, and J. Liu, 2019: Month-to-month variability of winter temperature over Northeast China linked to sea ice over the Davis Strait–Baffin Bay and the Barents–Kara Sea. J. Climate, 32, 6365–6384, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0804.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Estilow, T. W., A. H. Young, and D. A. Robinson, 2015: A long-term Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent data record for climate studies and monitoring. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 137–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-137-2015.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Francis, J. A., W. Chan, D. J. Leathers, J. R. Miller, and D. E. Veron, 2009: Winter Northern Hemisphere weather patterns remember summer Arctic sea-ice extent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037274.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Geng, X., W. Zhang, M. F. Stuecker, and F.-F. Jin, 2017: Strong sub-seasonal wintertime cooling over East Asia and Northern Europe associated with super El Niño events. Sci. Rep., 7, 3770, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03977-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Han, R., L. Shi, and Y. Yuan, 2021: Analysis on the causes of cold and warm transition in China during the winter of 2020/2021 (in Chinese). Meteor. Mon., 47, 880–892, https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2021.07.011.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Han, S., and J. Sun, 2018: Impacts of autumnal Eurasian snow cover on predominant modes of boreal winter surface air temperature over Eurasia. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 123, 10 076–10 091, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028443.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • He, J.-H., F.-M. Wu, and L. Qi, 2015: Decadal/interannual linking between autumn Arctic sea ice and following winter Eurasian air temperature (in Chinese). Chin. J. Geophys., 58, 1089–1102, https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg20150401.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hersbach, H., and Coauthors, 2020: The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hoskins, B. J., and T. Ambrizzi, 1993: Rossby wave propagation on a realistic longitudinally varying flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1661–1671, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1661:RWPOAR>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jia, X., L. Chen, W. Li, and D. Chen, 2010: Statistical downscaling based on BP-CCA: Predictability and application to the winter temperature and precipitation in China (in Chinese). Acta Meteor. Sin., 68, 398–410, https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2010.039.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jia, X., Y. You, R. Wu, and Y. Yang, 2019: Interdecadal changes in the dominant modes of the interannual variation of spring precipitation over China in the mid-1980s. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, 10 676–10 695, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030901.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kang, L., W. Chen, L. Wang, and L. Chen, 2009: Interannual variations of winter temperature in China and their relationship with the atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (in Chinese). Climatic Environ. Res., 14, 45–53, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2009.01.05.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kuang, X., Y. Zhang, and J. Liu, 2007: Seasonal variations of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet and the thermal mechanism. J. Meteor. Res., 21, 192–203.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, D., and C. Wang, 2011: Research progress of snow cover and its influence on China climate (in Chinese). Trans. Atmos. Sci., 34, 627–636, https://doi.org/10.13878/j.cnki.dqkxxb.2011.05.013.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, H., H. Wang, and D. Jiang, 2017: Influence of October Eurasian snow on winter temperature over Northeast China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 34, 116–126, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-5274-0.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, H., K. Fan, S. He, Y. Liu, X. Yuan, and H. Wang, 2021: Intensified impacts of central Pacific ENSO on the reversal of December and January surface air temperature anomaly over China since 1997. J. Climate, 34, 1601–1618, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0048.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, J., F. Li, and H. Wang, 2020: Subseasonal prediction of winter precipitation in southern China using the early November snowpack over the Urals. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 13, 534–541, https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2020.1824547.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Liu, J., J. A. Curry, H. Wang, M. Song, and R. M. Horton, 2012: Impact of declining Arctic sea ice on winter snowfall. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 4074–4079, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114910109.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Liu, M., Y. Li, and C. Lu, 2021a: Analysis of the characteristics and atmospheric circulation causes of two types of extreme cold events in winter in China (in Chinese). Plateau Meteor., 40, 603–620, https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2020.00093.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Liu, Y., K. Fan, L. Chen, H.-L. Ren, Y. Wu, and C. Liu, 2021b: An operational statistical downscaling prediction model of the winter monthly temperature over China based on a multi-model ensemble. Atmos. Res., 249, 105262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105262.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lu, C., and B. Zhou, 2018: Influences of the 11-yr sunspot cycle and polar vortex oscillation on observed winter temperature variations in China. J. Meteor. Res., 32, 367–379, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-018-7101-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lu, C., K. Li, S. Xie, Z. Wang, and Y. Qin, 2019: Month-to-month variability of autumn sea ice in the Barents and Kara Seas and its relationship to winter air temperature in China. Adv. Meteor., 2019, 4381438, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4381438.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Michaelsen, J., 1987: Cross-validation in statistical climate forecast models. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 1589–1600, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1987)026<1589:CVISCF>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • North, G. R., T. L. Bell, R. F. Cahalan, and F. J. Moeng, 1982: Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 699–706, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0699:SEITEO>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Plumb, R. A., 1985: On the three-dimensional propagation of stationary waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 217–229, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0217:OTTDPO>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Qi, L., and W. Pan, 2021: Variability of the phase reversal of the East Asia temperature from early to late winter and the possible influencing factors (in Chinese). Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1039–1056, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.20181.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Qu, J., Z. Jiang, G. Tan, and L. Sun, 2006: Relation between interannual, interdecadal variability of SST in North Atlantic in winter and air temperature in China (in Chinese). Sci. Geogr. Sin., 26, 557–563.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4407, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002670.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Robinson, D. A., T. W. Estilow, and NOAA CDR Program, 2012: NOAA climate data record (CDR) of Northern Hemisphere (NH) snow cover extent (SCE), version 1. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, accessed 9 December 2020, https://doi.org/10.7289/V5N014G9.

  • Saha, S., and Coauthors, 2014: The NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2. J. Climate, 27, 2185–2208, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00823.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shi, C., W. Sun, and D. Guo, 2021: Synergistic effects of WP and NAO on winter surface temperature in southeastern China (in Chinese). Trans. Atmos. Sci., 44, 394–404, https://doi.org/10.13878/j.cnki.dqkxxb.2019122700.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shi, X., J. Sun, Y. Sun, W. Bi, X. Zhou, and L. Yi, 2015: Impact of the autumn Atlantic sea surface temperature three-pole structure on winter atmospheric circulation (in Chinese). Acta Oceanol. Sin., 37, 33–40, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.07.004.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Si, D., Q. Li, Y. Liu, Z. Wang, Y. Yuan, and D. Wang, 2014: Possible causes for the anomalous weak East Asian winter monsoon in 2013/2014 (in Chinese). Meteor. Mon., 40, 891–897, https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2014.07.014.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Si, D., L. Ma, P. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Nie, and L. Sun, 2016: Anomalous activity of Arctic Oscillation in winter 2015/2016 and its impact on temperature in China (in Chinese). Meteor. Mon., 42, 892–897.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sun, S., G. Liu, W. Song, and J. Peng, 2014: A precursory signal for the dipole mode of winter temperature anomaly over eastern China (in Chinese). Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 727–741, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.13211.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Takaya, K., and H. Nakamura, 2001: A formulation of a phase-independent wave-activity flux for stationary and migratory quasigeostrophic eddies on a zonally varying basic flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 608–627, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0608:AFOAPI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, D., B. Zhou, C. Sun, Y. Yuan, Y. Liu, and P. Wang, 2013: Features and possible causes for East Asian winter monsoon in 2012/2013 (in Chinese). Meteor. Mon., 39, 930–937, https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2013.07.014.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, D., T. Cui, D. Si, X. Shao, Q. Li, and C. Sun, 2015: Features and possible causes for East Asian winter monsoon in 2014/2015 (in Chinese). Meteor. Mon., 41, 907–914, https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2015.07.013.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, H., and S. He, 2012: Weakening relationship between East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO after mid-1970s. Chin. Sci. Bull., 57, 3535–3540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5285-x.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, X., Z. Sun, B. Hu, Y. Tan, and G. Zeng, 2012: Relationship between Arctic sea ice thickness distribution and climate of China. Acta Meteor. Sin., 26, 189–204, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-012-0205-1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Weare, B. C., and J. S. Nasstrom, 1982: Examples of extended empirical orthogonal function analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 481–485, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0481:EOEEOF>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wei, W., L. Wang, Q. Chen, and Y. Liu, 2014: Interannual variations of early and late winter temperatures in China and their linkage (in Chinese). Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 524–536, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1401.13320.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wei, W., L. Wang, Q. Chen, Y. Liu, and Z. Li, 2020: Definition of early and late winter and associated interannual variations of surface air temperature in China (in Chinese). Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 122–137, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1904.18238.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wu, J., and X.-J. Gao, 2013: A gridded daily observation dataset over China region and comparison with the other datasets (in Chinese). Chin. J. Geophys., 56, 1102–1111, https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg20130406.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xiao, D., Z. Zuo, R. Zhang, X. Zhang, and Q. He, 2018: Year-to-year variability of surface air temperature over China in winter. Int. J. Climatol., 38, 1692–1705, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5289.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xie, Y., Y. Liu, and J. Huang, 2014: The influence of the autumn Arctic sea ice on winter air temperature in China (in Chinese). Acta Meteor. Sin., 72, 703–710, https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2014.057.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xu, X., F. Li, S. He, and H. Wang, 2018: Subseasonal reversal of East Asian surface temperature variability in winter 2014/15. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 35, 737–752, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-017-7059-5.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yan, H., Y. Yuan, G. Tan, and Y. Zi, 2022: Possible impact of sudden stratospheric warming on the intraseasonal reversal of the temperature over East Asia in winter 2020/21. Atmos. Res., 268, 106016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106016.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yoo, C., N. C. Johnson, C.-H. Chang, S. B. Feldstein, and Y.-H. Kim, 2018: Subseasonal prediction of wintertime East Asian temperature based on atmospheric teleconnections. J. Climate, 31, 9351–9366, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0811.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhang, D., and W. Song, 2018: Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation characteristics in 2017/2018 winter and its impact on weather and climate in China (in Chinese). Meteor. Mon., 44, 969–976, https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2018.07.013.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhang, R., R. Zhang, and Z. Zuo, 2016: An overview of wintertime snow cover characteristics over China and the impact of Eurasian snow cover on Chinese climate (in Chinese). J. Appl. Meteor. Sci., 27, 513–526, https://doi.org/10.11898/1001-7313.20160501.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhang, Y., Z. Yin, H. Wang, and S. He, 2021: 2020/21 record-breaking cold waves in east of China enhanced by the ‘Warm Arctic-Cold Siberia’ pattern. Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 094040, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1f46.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhou, B., and H. Wang, 2008: Interdecadal change in the connection between Hadley circulation and winter temperature in East Asia. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 25, 24–30, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-008-0024-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhou, B., Z. Wang, Y. Shi, Y. Xu, and Z. Han, 2018: Historical and future changes of snowfall events in China under a warming background. J. Climate, 31, 5873–5889, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0428.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhou, B., Z. Wang, B. Sun, and X. Hao, 2021: Decadal change of heavy snowfall over northern China in the mid-1990s and associated background circulations. J. Climate, 34, 825–837, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0815.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhu, Y., G. Tan, and Y. Wang, 2007: Variation of spatial mode for winter temperature in China and its relationship with the large scale atmospheric circulation (in Chinese). Adv. Climate Change Res., 3, 266–270.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zuo, J., H. Ren, and W. Li, 2015: Contrasting impacts of the Arctic Oscillation on surface air temperature anomalies in southern China between early and middle-to-late winter. J. Climate, 28, 4015–4026, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00687.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zuo, J., H.-L. Ren, B. Wu, and W. Li, 2016: Predictability of winter temperature in China from previous autumn Arctic sea ice. Climate Dyn., 47, 2331–2343, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2966-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 333 333 23
Full Text Views 212 212 16
PDF Downloads 261 261 18