Abstract
Thermohaline structure and time evolution in the subsurface ocean play a critical role in climate variability and predictability. They are still poorly represented in ocean and climate models. Here, the characteristics of subsurface thermohaline biases in the southern tropical Pacific and their causes are investigated through CMIP-based analyses and model-based experiments. There exists a pronounced subsurface cold bias at 200-m depth over the southern tropical Pacific in CMIP6 simulations with an ensemble mean of about −4°C and an extreme close to −10°C. This cold bias is accompanied by a fresh subsurface bias of about −0.9 psu in the ensemble mean (−1.9 psu minimum). Similar subsurface thermohaline biases also exist in CMIP5 outputs, indicating that reduction of these biases remains a long-standing challenge for model developments. To understand the causes of these biases, attribution analyses and POP2-based sensitivity experiments are performed. It is found that the subsurface thermohaline biases are attributed to the model deficiencies in simulating wind stress curl and precipitation in the southern tropical Pacific. By conducting CESM2-based coupled experiments, a warm SST bias in the southeastern tropical Pacific is found to be responsible for the poor simulations in wind stress curl and precipitation. The consequences of these biases are also analyzed. The subsurface thermohaline biases cause the density field to increase substantially along 10°S, flattening the zonal isopycnal surface and reducing equatorward interior transport. In addition, the anomalously cold and fresh subsurface signals in the southern tropical Pacific are seen to propagate to the equator, leading to an overall spurious cooling in the equatorial subsurface.
Significance Statement
Subsurface biases severely degrade the credibility of climate models in their predictions and projections; hence, it is important to understand the causes of these subsurface biases. Our study analyzes the characteristics of subsurface thermohaline biases in the southern tropical Pacific and investigates their causes. A pronounced subsurface cold bias is found over the southern tropical Pacific, accompanied by an obvious subsurface fresh bias. By performing attribution analyses and numerical experiments, it is found that the subsurface thermohaline biases are attributed to the model deficiencies in simulating wind stress and precipitation, which are further attributed to the warm SST bias in the southeastern tropical Pacific. These results provide a guide for improving climate model performances.
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