Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Fast Enhancement of the Stratification in the Indian Ocean over the Past 20 Years

Suqi Peng aKey Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
bCollege of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China

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Qiang Wang aKey Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
bCollege of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China

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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-9740
Online Publication:
05 Mar 2024
Print Publication:
01 Apr 2024
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0255.1
Page(s):
2231–2245
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Abstract

Indian Ocean (IO) stratification has important effects on the air–sea interaction, ocean dynamics, and ecology. It is, therefore, of significance to investigate the changes in IO stratification. In this study, we use ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) to extract the nonlinear long-term trend in the upper IO stratification quantified by potential energy anomalies. The results show that the strengthening of the stratification is spatially and temporally nonuniform. Specifically, the trend of stratification intensified gradually before 1996, but accelerated rapidly after 1996. Temperature and salinity changes play a crucial role in the fast enhancement of stratification and its regional differences. Temperature variations dominate the stratification trend in ∼90% of the IO area, while the contributions of salinity changes are mainly in the southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO). Vertically, the rapid enhancement of stratification is caused by the trend of temperature and salt in the upper 400 m. We further perform temperature budget analysis and find that the warming trend in the upper 400 m south of the IO is mainly modulated by vertical advection and meridional advection, while the warming in the north of the IO is mainly induced by air–sea heat fluxes. Salinity budget analysis shows that ocean advection has played a primary role in modulating SEIO salinity over the past 20 years.

© 2024 American Meteorological Society. This published article is licensed under the terms of the default AMS reuse license. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Qiang Wang, wangq@hhu.edu.cn

Abstract

Indian Ocean (IO) stratification has important effects on the air–sea interaction, ocean dynamics, and ecology. It is, therefore, of significance to investigate the changes in IO stratification. In this study, we use ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) to extract the nonlinear long-term trend in the upper IO stratification quantified by potential energy anomalies. The results show that the strengthening of the stratification is spatially and temporally nonuniform. Specifically, the trend of stratification intensified gradually before 1996, but accelerated rapidly after 1996. Temperature and salinity changes play a crucial role in the fast enhancement of stratification and its regional differences. Temperature variations dominate the stratification trend in ∼90% of the IO area, while the contributions of salinity changes are mainly in the southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO). Vertically, the rapid enhancement of stratification is caused by the trend of temperature and salt in the upper 400 m. We further perform temperature budget analysis and find that the warming trend in the upper 400 m south of the IO is mainly modulated by vertical advection and meridional advection, while the warming in the north of the IO is mainly induced by air–sea heat fluxes. Salinity budget analysis shows that ocean advection has played a primary role in modulating SEIO salinity over the past 20 years.

© 2024 American Meteorological Society. This published article is licensed under the terms of the default AMS reuse license. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Qiang Wang, wangq@hhu.edu.cn

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