Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

The Collection Efficiency of Shielded and Unshielded Precipitation Gauges. Part II: Modeling Particle Trajectories

Matteo Colli Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, and WMO–CIMO Lead Centre “B.Castelli” on Precipitation Intensity, Genoa, Italy

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Luca G. Lanza Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, and WMO–CIMO Lead Centre “B.Castelli” on Precipitation Intensity, Genoa, Italy

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Roy Rasmussen National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

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Julie M. Thériault Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Print Publication:
01 Feb 2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0011.1
Page(s):
245–255
Restricted access

Abstract

The use of windshields to reduce the impact of wind on snow measurements is common. This paper investigates the catching performance of shielded and unshielded gauges using numerical simulations. In Part II, the role of the windshield and gauge aerodynamics, as well as the varying flow field due to the turbulence generated by the shield–gauge configuration, in reducing the catch efficiency is investigated. This builds on the computational fluid dynamics results obtained in Part I, where the airflow patterns in the proximity of an unshielded and single Alter shielded Geonor T-200B gauge are obtained using both time-independent [Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)] and time-dependent [large-eddy simulation (LES)] approaches. A Lagrangian trajectory model is used to track different types of snowflakes (wet and dry snow) and to assess the variation of the resulting gauge catching performance with the wind speed. The collection efficiency obtained with the LES approach is generally lower than the one obtained with the RANS approach. This is because of the impact of the LES-resolved turbulence above the gauge orifice rim. The comparison between the collection efficiency values obtained in case of shielded and unshielded gauge validates the choice of installing a single Alter shield in a windy environment. However, time-dependent simulations show that the propagating turbulent structures produced by the aerodynamic response of the upwind single Alter blades have an impact on the collection efficiency. Comparison with field observations provides the validation background for the model results.

Corresponding author address: Matteo Colli, Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Montallegro 1, CAP 16145 Genoa, Italy. E-mail: matteo.colli@unige.it

Abstract

The use of windshields to reduce the impact of wind on snow measurements is common. This paper investigates the catching performance of shielded and unshielded gauges using numerical simulations. In Part II, the role of the windshield and gauge aerodynamics, as well as the varying flow field due to the turbulence generated by the shield–gauge configuration, in reducing the catch efficiency is investigated. This builds on the computational fluid dynamics results obtained in Part I, where the airflow patterns in the proximity of an unshielded and single Alter shielded Geonor T-200B gauge are obtained using both time-independent [Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)] and time-dependent [large-eddy simulation (LES)] approaches. A Lagrangian trajectory model is used to track different types of snowflakes (wet and dry snow) and to assess the variation of the resulting gauge catching performance with the wind speed. The collection efficiency obtained with the LES approach is generally lower than the one obtained with the RANS approach. This is because of the impact of the LES-resolved turbulence above the gauge orifice rim. The comparison between the collection efficiency values obtained in case of shielded and unshielded gauge validates the choice of installing a single Alter shield in a windy environment. However, time-dependent simulations show that the propagating turbulent structures produced by the aerodynamic response of the upwind single Alter blades have an impact on the collection efficiency. Comparison with field observations provides the validation background for the model results.

Corresponding author address: Matteo Colli, Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Montallegro 1, CAP 16145 Genoa, Italy. E-mail: matteo.colli@unige.it
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Journal of Hydrometeorology

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