Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Improved Simulation of Florida Summer Convection Using the PLACE Land Model and a 1.5-Order Turbulence Parameterization Coupled to the Penn State–NCAR Mesoscale Model

Barry H. Lynn Columbia University Center for Climate System Research, New York, New York, and Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

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David R. Stauffer Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

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Peter J. Wetzel Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

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Wei-Kuo Tao Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

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Pinhas Alpert Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Nataly Perlin Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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R. David Baker Universities Space Research Association, Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland

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Ricardo Muñoz Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

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Aaron Boone *CNRM/Météo France, Toulouse, France

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Yiqin Jia Science Systems and Applications Inc., Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch, Greenbelt, Maryland

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Print Publication:
01 Jun 2001
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<1441:ISOFSC>2.0.CO;2
Page(s):
1441–1461
Restricted access

Abstract

Three major modifications to the treatment of land surface processes in the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model MM5, are tested in a matrix of eight model experiments. Paired together in each dimension of the matrix are versions of the code with and without one of the changes. The three changes involve 1) a sophisticated land surface model [the Parameterization for Land–Atmosphere Convective Exchange (PLACE)], 2) the soil moisture and temperature initial conditions derived from running PLACE offline, and 3) a 1.5-order turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) turbulence boundary layer. The code without changes, defined as the control code, uses the most widely applied land surface, soil initialization, and boundary layer options found in the current MM5 community code. As an initial test of these modifications, a case was chosen in which they should have their greatest effect: conditions where heterogeneous surface forcing dominates over dynamic processes. The case chosen is one with widespread summertime moist convection, during the Convection and Precipitation Electrification Experiment (CaPE) in the middle of the Florida peninsula. Of the eight runs, the code with all three changes (labeled TKE-PLACE) demonstrates the best overall skill in terms of biases of the surface variables, rainfall, and percent and root-mean-square error of cloud cover fraction for this case. An early, isolated convective storm that formed near the east coast, at the downwind edge of a region of anomalous wet soil, and within the dense cluster of CaPE mesoscale observation stations, is correctly simulated only by TKE-PLACE. It does not develop in any of the other seven runs. A factor separation analysis shows that a successful simulation requires the inclusion of the more sophisticated land surface model, realistic initial soil moisture and temperature, and the higher-order closure of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in order to better represent the effect of joint and synergistic (nonlinear) contributions from the land surface and PBL on the moist convection.

Corresponding author address: Dr. Peter J. Wetzel, Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch, Code 912, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771. Email: wetzel@elena.gsfc.nasa.gov

Abstract

Three major modifications to the treatment of land surface processes in the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model MM5, are tested in a matrix of eight model experiments. Paired together in each dimension of the matrix are versions of the code with and without one of the changes. The three changes involve 1) a sophisticated land surface model [the Parameterization for Land–Atmosphere Convective Exchange (PLACE)], 2) the soil moisture and temperature initial conditions derived from running PLACE offline, and 3) a 1.5-order turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) turbulence boundary layer. The code without changes, defined as the control code, uses the most widely applied land surface, soil initialization, and boundary layer options found in the current MM5 community code. As an initial test of these modifications, a case was chosen in which they should have their greatest effect: conditions where heterogeneous surface forcing dominates over dynamic processes. The case chosen is one with widespread summertime moist convection, during the Convection and Precipitation Electrification Experiment (CaPE) in the middle of the Florida peninsula. Of the eight runs, the code with all three changes (labeled TKE-PLACE) demonstrates the best overall skill in terms of biases of the surface variables, rainfall, and percent and root-mean-square error of cloud cover fraction for this case. An early, isolated convective storm that formed near the east coast, at the downwind edge of a region of anomalous wet soil, and within the dense cluster of CaPE mesoscale observation stations, is correctly simulated only by TKE-PLACE. It does not develop in any of the other seven runs. A factor separation analysis shows that a successful simulation requires the inclusion of the more sophisticated land surface model, realistic initial soil moisture and temperature, and the higher-order closure of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in order to better represent the effect of joint and synergistic (nonlinear) contributions from the land surface and PBL on the moist convection.

Corresponding author address: Dr. Peter J. Wetzel, Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch, Code 912, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771. Email: wetzel@elena.gsfc.nasa.gov

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