Editorial Type:
Review Article
Article Type:
Review Article

Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review

Paul M. Markowski Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

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Print Publication:
01 Apr 2002
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Review Articles in Monthly Weather Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0852:HEARFD>2.0.CO;2
Page(s):
852–876
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Abstract

Nearly 50 years of observations of hook echoes and their associated rear-flank downdrafts (RFDs) are reviewed. Relevant theoretical and numerical simulation results also are discussed. For over 20 years, the hook echo and RFD have been hypothesized to be critical in the tornadogenesis process. Yet direct observations within hook echoes and RFDs have been relatively scarce. Furthermore, the role of the hook echo and RFD in tornadogenesis remains poorly understood. Despite many strong similarities between simulated and observed storms, some possibly important observations within hook echoes and RFDs have not been reproduced in three-dimensional numerical models.

Corresponding author address: Dr. Paul Markowski, 503 Walker Building, University Park, PA 16802. Email: marko@mail.meteo.psu.edu

Abstract

Nearly 50 years of observations of hook echoes and their associated rear-flank downdrafts (RFDs) are reviewed. Relevant theoretical and numerical simulation results also are discussed. For over 20 years, the hook echo and RFD have been hypothesized to be critical in the tornadogenesis process. Yet direct observations within hook echoes and RFDs have been relatively scarce. Furthermore, the role of the hook echo and RFD in tornadogenesis remains poorly understood. Despite many strong similarities between simulated and observed storms, some possibly important observations within hook echoes and RFDs have not been reproduced in three-dimensional numerical models.

Corresponding author address: Dr. Paul Markowski, 503 Walker Building, University Park, PA 16802. Email: marko@mail.meteo.psu.edu

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