Editorial Type:
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Article Type:
Research Article

Total Lightning Characteristics Relative to Radar and Satellite Observations of Oklahoma Mesoscale Convective Systems

Jeffrey A. Makowski School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, and Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma

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Donald R. MacGorman NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, and Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma

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Michael I. Biggerstaff School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma

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William H. Beasley School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma

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Print Publication:
01 May 2013
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00268.1
Page(s):
1593–1611
Restricted access

Abstract

The advent of regional very high frequency (VHF) Lightning Mapping Arrays (LMAs) makes it possible to begin analyzing trends in total lightning characteristics in ensembles of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Flash initiations observed by the Oklahoma LMA and ground strikes observed by the National Lightning Detection Network were surveyed relative to infrared satellite and base-scan radar reflectivity imagery for 30 mesoscale convective systems occurring over a 7-yr period. Total lightning data were available for only part of the life cycle of most MCSs, but well-defined peaks in flash rates were usually observed for MCSs having longer periods of data. The mean of the maximum 10-min flash rates for the ensemble of MCSs was 203 min−1 for total flashes and 41 min−1 for cloud-to-ground flashes (CGs). In total, 21% of flashes were CGs and 13% of CGs lowered positive charge to ground. MCSs with the largest maximum flash rates entered Oklahoma in the evening before midnight. All three MCSs entering Oklahoma in early morning after sunrise had among the smallest maximum flash rates. Flash initiations were concentrated in or near regions of larger reflectivity and colder cloud tops. The CG flash rates and total flash rates frequently evolved similarly, although the fraction of flashes striking ground usually increased as an MCS decayed. Total flash rates tended to peak approximately 90 min before the maximum area of the −52°C cloud shield, but closer in time to the maximum area of colder cloud shields. MCSs whose −52°C cloud shield grew faster tended to have larger flash rates.

Corresponding author address: Donald R. MacGorman, NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, 120 David L. Boren Blvd., Norman, OK 73072. E-mail: don.macgorman@noaa.gov

Abstract

The advent of regional very high frequency (VHF) Lightning Mapping Arrays (LMAs) makes it possible to begin analyzing trends in total lightning characteristics in ensembles of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Flash initiations observed by the Oklahoma LMA and ground strikes observed by the National Lightning Detection Network were surveyed relative to infrared satellite and base-scan radar reflectivity imagery for 30 mesoscale convective systems occurring over a 7-yr period. Total lightning data were available for only part of the life cycle of most MCSs, but well-defined peaks in flash rates were usually observed for MCSs having longer periods of data. The mean of the maximum 10-min flash rates for the ensemble of MCSs was 203 min−1 for total flashes and 41 min−1 for cloud-to-ground flashes (CGs). In total, 21% of flashes were CGs and 13% of CGs lowered positive charge to ground. MCSs with the largest maximum flash rates entered Oklahoma in the evening before midnight. All three MCSs entering Oklahoma in early morning after sunrise had among the smallest maximum flash rates. Flash initiations were concentrated in or near regions of larger reflectivity and colder cloud tops. The CG flash rates and total flash rates frequently evolved similarly, although the fraction of flashes striking ground usually increased as an MCS decayed. Total flash rates tended to peak approximately 90 min before the maximum area of the −52°C cloud shield, but closer in time to the maximum area of colder cloud shields. MCSs whose −52°C cloud shield grew faster tended to have larger flash rates.

Corresponding author address: Donald R. MacGorman, NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, 120 David L. Boren Blvd., Norman, OK 73072. E-mail: don.macgorman@noaa.gov
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