Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

The Influence of African Easterly Waves on Convection over Tropical Africa and the East Atlantic

Matthew A. Janiga Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida

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Chris D. Thorncroft University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York

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Print Publication:
01 Jan 2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00419.1
Page(s):
171–192
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Abstract

Using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the modulation of convection by African easterly waves (AEWs) is investigated over regions of the east Atlantic and tropical Africa. To explain the modulation of convection, the large-scale environment (lift, moisture, conditional instability, and shear) is also examined as a function of AEW phase in each region.

Over semiarid portions of tropical Africa, unconditional rain rates are greatest in the northerly phase of AEWs due to the strong adiabatic forcing for ascent. Along the Guinea Coast, the western coast of Africa, and over the east Atlantic—where forcing for ascent is weaker—rainfall is shifted toward the trough where the air is moist. Significant contrasts in the characteristics of convection as a function of AEW phase—comparable in magnitude to regional contrasts—are also observed. In all regions, large and high echo-top convective systems are more sensitive to AEW phase than small and low echo-top systems. In semiarid regions, deep convection and large high echo-top convective systems account for a large fraction of the rainfall in the ridge and northerlies. Stratiform and small low echo-top convective systems dominate in the trough and southerlies. Convective system height and conditional rain rates increase with conditional instability and system sizes may increase with shear. Over the east Atlantic, stratiform fractions and convective system sizes and echo-top heights are greatest in the trough while the ridge is dominated by shallow convection. This is primarily related to the presence of moist air in the trough and dry air in the ridge.

Current affilation: Marine Meteorology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California, and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.

Corresponding author address: Matthew A. Janiga, Naval Research Laboratory, 7 Grace Hopper Ave., Monterey, CA 93943. E-mail: matthew.janiga.ctr@nrlmry.navy.mil

Abstract

Using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the modulation of convection by African easterly waves (AEWs) is investigated over regions of the east Atlantic and tropical Africa. To explain the modulation of convection, the large-scale environment (lift, moisture, conditional instability, and shear) is also examined as a function of AEW phase in each region.

Over semiarid portions of tropical Africa, unconditional rain rates are greatest in the northerly phase of AEWs due to the strong adiabatic forcing for ascent. Along the Guinea Coast, the western coast of Africa, and over the east Atlantic—where forcing for ascent is weaker—rainfall is shifted toward the trough where the air is moist. Significant contrasts in the characteristics of convection as a function of AEW phase—comparable in magnitude to regional contrasts—are also observed. In all regions, large and high echo-top convective systems are more sensitive to AEW phase than small and low echo-top systems. In semiarid regions, deep convection and large high echo-top convective systems account for a large fraction of the rainfall in the ridge and northerlies. Stratiform and small low echo-top convective systems dominate in the trough and southerlies. Convective system height and conditional rain rates increase with conditional instability and system sizes may increase with shear. Over the east Atlantic, stratiform fractions and convective system sizes and echo-top heights are greatest in the trough while the ridge is dominated by shallow convection. This is primarily related to the presence of moist air in the trough and dry air in the ridge.

Current affilation: Marine Meteorology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California, and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.

Corresponding author address: Matthew A. Janiga, Naval Research Laboratory, 7 Grace Hopper Ave., Monterey, CA 93943. E-mail: matthew.janiga.ctr@nrlmry.navy.mil
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