Abstract
Some simple solutions (mostly analytic) are presented for the large-scale baroclinic response to thermal forcing on a mid-latitude beta-plane. Surface heat flux is parameterized as (TA–TT)/tau;, with atmospheric temperature TA prescribed as a function of latitude, varying ocean surface temperature TT, and equilibration time τ. For long times (decades) benthic forcing is included, using a similar representation. The model allows horizontal density variations at each level.
When there are no meridional boundaries there is only a local response to the forcing. A geostrophic baroclinic zonal flow is driven by the north–south temperature gradient, but it has no associated advection or divergence effects. This picture is greatly changed when east and/or west coasts are added. Kelvin waves pass information rapidly (about 200 km day−1) along coasts, and Rossby waves travel slowly offshore, most effectively from the cut with speed c ≈ 1 km day−1. For spin-up problems (e.g., the response to a change in forcing) the long Rossby waves decay away from the eastern boundary on a scale Tτ. With TA decreasing poleward this creates a broad, relatively warm eastern region with weak downwelling. A steady state requires weaker vertical motion to balance benthic forcing and a corresponding larger decay scale. The narrow western boundary layer is relatively cold on average, with upwelling. (This two-level model does not adequately describe western boundary dynamical however.)
