Arneborg, L., V. Fiekas, L. Umlauf, and H. Burchard, 2007: Gravity current dynamics and entrainment—–A process study based on observations in the Arkona Basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37 , 2094–2113.
Baines, P., 2001: Mixing in flows down gentle slopes into stratified environments. J. Fluid Mech., 443 , 237–270.
Baringer, M. O., and J. F. Price, 1997: Mixing and spreading of the Mediterranean outflow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27 , 1654–1677.
Billant, P., and J-M. Chomaz, 2001: Self-similarity of strongly stratified inviscid flows. Phys. Fluids, 13 , 1645–1651.
Brethouwer, G., P. Billant, E. Lindborg, and J-M. Chomaz, 2007: Scaling analysis and simulation of strongly stratified turbulent flows. J. Fluid Mech., 585 , 343–368.
Canuto, V. M., M. S. Dubovikov, and Y. Cheng, 2005: Entrainment: Local and non-local turbulence models with double diffusion. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32 , L22604. doi:10.1029/2005GL023771.
Caulfield, C. P., W. Tang, and S. C. Plasting, 2004: Reynolds number dependence of an upper bound for the long-time-averaged buoyancy flux in plane stratified Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech., 498 , 315–332.
Cenedese, C., and C. Adduce, 2008: Mixing in a density-driven current flowing down a slope in a rotating fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 604 , 369–388.
Cenedese, C., and C. Adduce, 2010: A new parameterization for entrainment in overflows. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40 , 1835–1850.
Cenedese, C., J. A. Whitehead, T. A. Ascarelli, and M. Ohiwa, 2004: A dense current flowing down a sloping bottom in a rotating fluid. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34 , 188–203.
Christodoulou, G. C., 1986: Interfacial mixing in stratified flows. J. Hydraul. Res., 24 , 77–92.
Crapper, P. F., and P. F. Linden, 1974: The structure of turbulent density interfaces. J. Fluid Mech., 65 , 45–63.
Dallimore, C. J., J. Imberger, and T. Ishikawa, 2001: Entrainment and turbulence in saline underflow in Lake Ogawara. J. Hydraul. Eng., 127 , 937–948.
Ellison, T. H., and J. S. Turner, 1959: Turbulent entrainment in stratified flows. J. Fluid Mech., 6 , 423–448.
Fer, I., G. Voet, K. S. Seim, B. Rudels, and K. Latarius, 2010: Intense mixing of the Faroe Bank Channel overflow. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37 , L02604. doi:10.1029/2009GL041924.
Fernando, H. J. S., 1991: Turbulent mixing in stratified fluids. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23 , 455–493.
Garcia, M., 1990: Depositing and eroding turbidity sediment driven flows: Turbidity currents. Project Rep. 306, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 179 pp.
Girton, J. B., and T. B. Sanford, 2003: Descent and modification of the overflow plume in Denmark Strait. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33 , 1351–1364.
Gregg, M. C., 1987: Diapycnal mixing in the thermocline: A review. J. Geophys. Res., 92 , 5249–5286.
Holford, J. M., and P. F. Linden, 1999: Turbulent mixing in a stratified fluid. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 30 , 173–198.
Huang, H., J. Imran, and C. Pirmez, 2007: Numerical modeling of poorly sorted depositional turbidity currents. J. Geophys. Res., 112 , C01014. doi:10.1029/2006JC003778.
Itsweire, E. C., K. N. Helland, and C. W. van Atta, 1986: The evolution of grid-generated turbulence in a stably stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 162 , 299–338.
Ivey, G. N., and J. Imberger, 1991: On the nature of turbulence in a stratified fluid. Part I: The energetics of mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21 , 650–659.
Ivey, G. N., K. B. Winters, and J. R. Koseff, 2008: Density stratification, turbulence, but how much mixing? Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 40 , 169–184.
Jackson, L., R. Hallberg, and S. Legg, 2008: A parameterization of shear-driven turbulence for ocean climate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38 , 1033–1053.
Johnson, G. C., R. G. Lueck, and T. B. Sanford, 1994: Stress on the Mediterranean outflow plume. Part II: Turbulent dissipation and shear measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24 , 2084–2092.
Kato, H., and O. M. Phillips, 1969: On the penetration of the turbulent layer into a stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 37 , 643–665.
Legg, S., and Coauthors, 2009: Improving the oceanic overflow representation in climate models: The gravity current entrainment climate process team. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90 , 657–670.
Lienhard, J. H., and C. W. van Atta, 1990: The decay of turbulence in thermally stratified flow. J. Fluid Mech., 210 , 57–112.
Linden, P. F., 1973: The interaction of a vortex ring with a sharp density interface: A model for turbulent entrainment. J. Fluid Mech., 60 , 467–480.
Linden, P. F., 1979: Mixing in stratified fluids. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 13 , 3–23.
Linden, P. F., 1980: Mixing across a density interface produced by grid turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 100 , 691–703.
List, E. J., 1982: Turbulent jets and plumes. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 14 , 189–212.
Martin, J. E., and C. R. Rehmann, 2006: Layering in a flow with diffusively stable temperature and salinity stratification. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36 , 1457–1470.
Mauritzen, C., J. F. Price, T. B. Sanford, and D. Torres, 2005: Circulation and mixing in the Faroese Channels. Deep-Sea Res. I, 52 , 883–913.
Odier, P., J. Chen, M. K. Rivera, and R. E. Ecke, 2009: Fluid mixing in stratified gravity currents: The Prandtl mixing length. Phys. Rev. Lett., 102 , 134504. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.134504.
Osborn, T. R., 1980: Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10 , 83–89.
Papadakis, M. P., E. P. Chassignet, and R. W. Hallberg, 2003: Numerical simulations of the Mediterranean Sea outflow: Impact of the entrainment parameterization in an isopycnic coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 5 , 325–356.
Peltier, W. R., and C. P. Caulfield, 2003: Mixing efficiency in stratified shear flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 35 , 135–167.
Peters, H., and W. E. Johns, 2005: Mixing and entrainment in the Red Sea outflow plume. Part II: Turbulence characteristics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35 , 584–600.
Prastowo, T., R. W. Griffiths, G. O. Hughes, and A. Hogg, 2008: Mixing efficiency in controlled exchange flows. J. Fluid Mech., 600 , 235–244.
Price, J. F., and M. O. Barringer, 1994: Outflows and deep water production by marginal seas. Prog. Oceanogr., 33 , 161–200.
Princevac, M., H. J. S. Fernando, and D. C. Whiteman, 2005: Turbulent entrainment into natural gravity-driven flows. J. Fluid Mech., 33 , 259–268.
Rehmann, C. R., and J. R. Koseff, 2004: Mean potential energy change in stratified grid turbulence. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 37 , 271–294.
Riley, J. J., and S. M. de Bruyn Kops, 2003: Dynamics of turbulence strongly influenced by buoyancy. Phys. Fluids, 15 , 2047–2059.
Riley, J. J., and E. Lindborg, 2008: Stratified turbulence: A possible interpretation of some geophysical turbulence measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 65 , 2416–2424.
Rohr, J. J., E. C. Itsweire, K. N. Helland, and C. W. Van Atta, 1988: Growth and decay of turbulence in a stably stratified shear flow. J. Fluid Mech., 195 , 77–111.
Sherwin, T. J., 2010: Observations of the velocity profile of a fast and deep oceanic density current constrained in a gully. J. Geophys. Res., 115 , C03013. doi:10.1029/2009JC005557.
Shih, L. H., J. R. Koseff, G. N. Ivey, and J. H. Ferziger, 2005: Parameterization of turbulent fluxes and scales using homogeneous sheared stably stratified turbulence simulations. J. Fluid Mech., 525 , 193–214.
Smyth, W. D., and J. N. Moum, 2000a: Length scales of turbulence in stably stratified mixing layers. Phys. Fluids, 12 , 1327–1342.
Smyth, W. D., and J. N. Moum, 2000b: Anisotropy of turbulence in stably stratified mixing layers. Phys. Fluids, 12 , 1343–1362.
Smyth, W. D., J. N. Moum, and D. R. Caldwell, 2001: The efficiency of mixing in turbulent patches: Inferences from direct simulations and microstructure observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31 , 1969–1992.
Stillinger, D. C., K. N. Helland, and C. W. Van Atta, 1983: Experiments on the transition of homogeneous turbulence to internal waves in a stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 131 , 91–122.
Strang, E. J., and H. J. S. Fernando, 2001a: Entrainment and mixing in stratified shear flows. J. Fluid Mech., 428 , 349–386.
Strang, E. J., and H. J. S. Fernando, 2001b: Vertical mixing and transports through a stratified shear layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31 , 2026–2048.
Taylor, G. I., 1945: Dynamics of a mass of hot gas rising in air. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, MDDC-919, LA Rep. 236, 19 pp. [Available online at http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00407667.pdf].
Turner, J. S., 1973: Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge University Press, 367 pp.
Turner, J. S., 1986: Turbulent entrainment: The development of the entrainment assumption, and its application to geophysical flows. J. Fluid Mech., 173 , 431–471.
Umlauf, L., and L. Arneborg, 2009: Dynamics of rotating shallow gravity currents passing through a channel. Part I: Observation of transverse structure. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39 , 2385–2401.
Wells, M. G., 2007: Influence of Coriolis forces on turbidity currents and sediment deposition. Particle-Laden Flow: From Geophysical to Kolmogorov Scales, B. J. Geurts, H. Clercx, and W. Uijttewaal, Eds., ERCOFTAC Series, Vol. 11, Springer, 331–343.
Wells, M. G., and J. S. Wettlaufer, 2007: The long-term circulation driven by density currents in a two-layer stratified basin. J. Fluid Mech., 572 , 37–58.
Wells, M. G., and P. Nadarajah, 2009: The intrusion depth of density currents flowing into stratified water bodies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39 , 1935–1947.
Xu, J. P., M. A. Noble, and L. K. Rosenfeld, 2004: In-situ measurements of velocity structure within turbidity currents. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31 , L09311. doi:10.1029/2004GL019718.
Zellouf, Y., P. Dupont, and H. Peerhossaini, 2005: Heat and mass fluxes across density interfaces in a grid-generated turbulence. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 48 , 3722–3735.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Displayed acceptance dates for articles published prior to 2023 are approximate to within a week. If needed, exact acceptance dates can be obtained by emailing amsjol@ametsoc.org.
The authors explore the theoretical and empirical relationship between the nonlocal quantities of the entrainment ratio E, the appropriately depth- and time-averaged flux coefficient
Corresponding author address: Mathew Wells, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto ON M1C 1A4, Canada. Email: wells@utsc.utoronto.ca
The authors explore the theoretical and empirical relationship between the nonlocal quantities of the entrainment ratio E, the appropriately depth- and time-averaged flux coefficient
Corresponding author address: Mathew Wells, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto ON M1C 1A4, Canada. Email: wells@utsc.utoronto.ca
Arneborg, L., V. Fiekas, L. Umlauf, and H. Burchard, 2007: Gravity current dynamics and entrainment—–A process study based on observations in the Arkona Basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37 , 2094–2113.
Baines, P., 2001: Mixing in flows down gentle slopes into stratified environments. J. Fluid Mech., 443 , 237–270.
Baringer, M. O., and J. F. Price, 1997: Mixing and spreading of the Mediterranean outflow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27 , 1654–1677.
Billant, P., and J-M. Chomaz, 2001: Self-similarity of strongly stratified inviscid flows. Phys. Fluids, 13 , 1645–1651.
Brethouwer, G., P. Billant, E. Lindborg, and J-M. Chomaz, 2007: Scaling analysis and simulation of strongly stratified turbulent flows. J. Fluid Mech., 585 , 343–368.
Canuto, V. M., M. S. Dubovikov, and Y. Cheng, 2005: Entrainment: Local and non-local turbulence models with double diffusion. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32 , L22604. doi:10.1029/2005GL023771.
Caulfield, C. P., W. Tang, and S. C. Plasting, 2004: Reynolds number dependence of an upper bound for the long-time-averaged buoyancy flux in plane stratified Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech., 498 , 315–332.
Cenedese, C., and C. Adduce, 2008: Mixing in a density-driven current flowing down a slope in a rotating fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 604 , 369–388.
Cenedese, C., and C. Adduce, 2010: A new parameterization for entrainment in overflows. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40 , 1835–1850.
Cenedese, C., J. A. Whitehead, T. A. Ascarelli, and M. Ohiwa, 2004: A dense current flowing down a sloping bottom in a rotating fluid. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34 , 188–203.
Christodoulou, G. C., 1986: Interfacial mixing in stratified flows. J. Hydraul. Res., 24 , 77–92.
Crapper, P. F., and P. F. Linden, 1974: The structure of turbulent density interfaces. J. Fluid Mech., 65 , 45–63.
Dallimore, C. J., J. Imberger, and T. Ishikawa, 2001: Entrainment and turbulence in saline underflow in Lake Ogawara. J. Hydraul. Eng., 127 , 937–948.
Ellison, T. H., and J. S. Turner, 1959: Turbulent entrainment in stratified flows. J. Fluid Mech., 6 , 423–448.
Fer, I., G. Voet, K. S. Seim, B. Rudels, and K. Latarius, 2010: Intense mixing of the Faroe Bank Channel overflow. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37 , L02604. doi:10.1029/2009GL041924.
Fernando, H. J. S., 1991: Turbulent mixing in stratified fluids. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23 , 455–493.
Garcia, M., 1990: Depositing and eroding turbidity sediment driven flows: Turbidity currents. Project Rep. 306, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 179 pp.
Girton, J. B., and T. B. Sanford, 2003: Descent and modification of the overflow plume in Denmark Strait. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33 , 1351–1364.
Gregg, M. C., 1987: Diapycnal mixing in the thermocline: A review. J. Geophys. Res., 92 , 5249–5286.
Holford, J. M., and P. F. Linden, 1999: Turbulent mixing in a stratified fluid. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 30 , 173–198.
Huang, H., J. Imran, and C. Pirmez, 2007: Numerical modeling of poorly sorted depositional turbidity currents. J. Geophys. Res., 112 , C01014. doi:10.1029/2006JC003778.
Itsweire, E. C., K. N. Helland, and C. W. van Atta, 1986: The evolution of grid-generated turbulence in a stably stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 162 , 299–338.
Ivey, G. N., and J. Imberger, 1991: On the nature of turbulence in a stratified fluid. Part I: The energetics of mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21 , 650–659.
Ivey, G. N., K. B. Winters, and J. R. Koseff, 2008: Density stratification, turbulence, but how much mixing? Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 40 , 169–184.
Jackson, L., R. Hallberg, and S. Legg, 2008: A parameterization of shear-driven turbulence for ocean climate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38 , 1033–1053.
Johnson, G. C., R. G. Lueck, and T. B. Sanford, 1994: Stress on the Mediterranean outflow plume. Part II: Turbulent dissipation and shear measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24 , 2084–2092.
Kato, H., and O. M. Phillips, 1969: On the penetration of the turbulent layer into a stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 37 , 643–665.
Legg, S., and Coauthors, 2009: Improving the oceanic overflow representation in climate models: The gravity current entrainment climate process team. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90 , 657–670.
Lienhard, J. H., and C. W. van Atta, 1990: The decay of turbulence in thermally stratified flow. J. Fluid Mech., 210 , 57–112.
Linden, P. F., 1973: The interaction of a vortex ring with a sharp density interface: A model for turbulent entrainment. J. Fluid Mech., 60 , 467–480.
Linden, P. F., 1979: Mixing in stratified fluids. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 13 , 3–23.
Linden, P. F., 1980: Mixing across a density interface produced by grid turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 100 , 691–703.
List, E. J., 1982: Turbulent jets and plumes. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 14 , 189–212.
Martin, J. E., and C. R. Rehmann, 2006: Layering in a flow with diffusively stable temperature and salinity stratification. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36 , 1457–1470.
Mauritzen, C., J. F. Price, T. B. Sanford, and D. Torres, 2005: Circulation and mixing in the Faroese Channels. Deep-Sea Res. I, 52 , 883–913.
Odier, P., J. Chen, M. K. Rivera, and R. E. Ecke, 2009: Fluid mixing in stratified gravity currents: The Prandtl mixing length. Phys. Rev. Lett., 102 , 134504. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.134504.
Osborn, T. R., 1980: Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10 , 83–89.
Papadakis, M. P., E. P. Chassignet, and R. W. Hallberg, 2003: Numerical simulations of the Mediterranean Sea outflow: Impact of the entrainment parameterization in an isopycnic coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 5 , 325–356.
Peltier, W. R., and C. P. Caulfield, 2003: Mixing efficiency in stratified shear flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 35 , 135–167.
Peters, H., and W. E. Johns, 2005: Mixing and entrainment in the Red Sea outflow plume. Part II: Turbulence characteristics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35 , 584–600.
Prastowo, T., R. W. Griffiths, G. O. Hughes, and A. Hogg, 2008: Mixing efficiency in controlled exchange flows. J. Fluid Mech., 600 , 235–244.
Price, J. F., and M. O. Barringer, 1994: Outflows and deep water production by marginal seas. Prog. Oceanogr., 33 , 161–200.
Princevac, M., H. J. S. Fernando, and D. C. Whiteman, 2005: Turbulent entrainment into natural gravity-driven flows. J. Fluid Mech., 33 , 259–268.
Rehmann, C. R., and J. R. Koseff, 2004: Mean potential energy change in stratified grid turbulence. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 37 , 271–294.
Riley, J. J., and S. M. de Bruyn Kops, 2003: Dynamics of turbulence strongly influenced by buoyancy. Phys. Fluids, 15 , 2047–2059.
Riley, J. J., and E. Lindborg, 2008: Stratified turbulence: A possible interpretation of some geophysical turbulence measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 65 , 2416–2424.
Rohr, J. J., E. C. Itsweire, K. N. Helland, and C. W. Van Atta, 1988: Growth and decay of turbulence in a stably stratified shear flow. J. Fluid Mech., 195 , 77–111.
Sherwin, T. J., 2010: Observations of the velocity profile of a fast and deep oceanic density current constrained in a gully. J. Geophys. Res., 115 , C03013. doi:10.1029/2009JC005557.
Shih, L. H., J. R. Koseff, G. N. Ivey, and J. H. Ferziger, 2005: Parameterization of turbulent fluxes and scales using homogeneous sheared stably stratified turbulence simulations. J. Fluid Mech., 525 , 193–214.
Smyth, W. D., and J. N. Moum, 2000a: Length scales of turbulence in stably stratified mixing layers. Phys. Fluids, 12 , 1327–1342.
Smyth, W. D., and J. N. Moum, 2000b: Anisotropy of turbulence in stably stratified mixing layers. Phys. Fluids, 12 , 1343–1362.
Smyth, W. D., J. N. Moum, and D. R. Caldwell, 2001: The efficiency of mixing in turbulent patches: Inferences from direct simulations and microstructure observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31 , 1969–1992.
Stillinger, D. C., K. N. Helland, and C. W. Van Atta, 1983: Experiments on the transition of homogeneous turbulence to internal waves in a stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech., 131 , 91–122.
Strang, E. J., and H. J. S. Fernando, 2001a: Entrainment and mixing in stratified shear flows. J. Fluid Mech., 428 , 349–386.
Strang, E. J., and H. J. S. Fernando, 2001b: Vertical mixing and transports through a stratified shear layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31 , 2026–2048.
Taylor, G. I., 1945: Dynamics of a mass of hot gas rising in air. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, MDDC-919, LA Rep. 236, 19 pp. [Available online at http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00407667.pdf].
Turner, J. S., 1973: Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge University Press, 367 pp.
Turner, J. S., 1986: Turbulent entrainment: The development of the entrainment assumption, and its application to geophysical flows. J. Fluid Mech., 173 , 431–471.
Umlauf, L., and L. Arneborg, 2009: Dynamics of rotating shallow gravity currents passing through a channel. Part I: Observation of transverse structure. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39 , 2385–2401.
Wells, M. G., 2007: Influence of Coriolis forces on turbidity currents and sediment deposition. Particle-Laden Flow: From Geophysical to Kolmogorov Scales, B. J. Geurts, H. Clercx, and W. Uijttewaal, Eds., ERCOFTAC Series, Vol. 11, Springer, 331–343.
Wells, M. G., and J. S. Wettlaufer, 2007: The long-term circulation driven by density currents in a two-layer stratified basin. J. Fluid Mech., 572 , 37–58.
Wells, M. G., and P. Nadarajah, 2009: The intrusion depth of density currents flowing into stratified water bodies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39 , 1935–1947.
Xu, J. P., M. A. Noble, and L. K. Rosenfeld, 2004: In-situ measurements of velocity structure within turbidity currents. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31 , L09311. doi:10.1029/2004GL019718.
Zellouf, Y., P. Dupont, and H. Peerhossaini, 2005: Heat and mass fluxes across density interfaces in a grid-generated turbulence. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 48 , 3722–3735.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 736 | 211 | 27 |
| PDF Downloads | 469 | 88 | 23 |
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